Analysis of foraging behavior of the whitefly parasitoidEncarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in an experimental arena: A simulation study

Roermund, H.J.W. van; Lenteren, J.C. van; Rabbinge, R.

doi:10.1007/bf02213556

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…To estimate the encounter probability of T. brassicae with host egg masses, detailed data on the factors that influence host encounter rate are necessary. The area searched per time unit depends on the width of the searching path, the walking speed and the walking activity (walking time divided by total time) of T.brassicae , similar to the parasitoid Encarsia formosa ( VAN R OERMUND et al., 1996). In this article, the factors that are influenced by temperature will be examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature influences walking speed and walking activity of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Suverkropp¹,

Bigler

Lenteren³

2001

J Applied Entomology

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Walking speeds and walking activities (walking time divided by total time) of Trichogramma brassicae were determined at 12, 16, 20 and 25°C. Walking speed was measured during a 5‐min period, and walking activity over a 4‐day period. Both walking speed and walking activity were strongly influenced by temperature. Walking speed increased linearly with the temperature and was twice as high at 20 as at 12°C. At 25°C, walking activity was high during the whole day, at 20 and 16°C it decreased during the afternoon, whereas at 12°C the wasps became most active only at noon or later. At low temperatures, there was a strong individual variation in walking activity. At 25°C, T. brassicae was active most of the time, so the area searched per time unit can only increase at temperatures above 25°C if walking speed increases. At temperatures below 20°C, searching was more restricted by low walking activity than by low walking speed. Even disregarding other effects of temperature, the reduction in walking speed and walking activity at suboptimal temperatures means that T. brassicae can only search half of the area at 20°C, and only one‐seventh at 15°C that it can search at 25°C.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature influences walking speed and walking activity of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Suverkropp¹,

Bigler

Lenteren³

2001

J Applied Entomology

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“…These effects could be particularly severe for poikilothermic animals, such as insects and mites, which do not have physiological mechanisms for regulating their internal temperature. For these animals, temperature affects most life history processes – for example, development, movement, and reproduction (Van Roermund et al 1996, Flinn and Hagstrum 2001, Trudgill et al 2005, Garcia Martin et al 2008, Bonte et al 2008). Frequent extreme temperature events (heat waves) above an upper temperature threshold for any given life history process would increase the physiological time the organism spends outside of the range for that process, and have the potential to affect, for example, phenology, and the synchronization of populations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of simulated heat waves on an experimental community of pepper plants, green peach aphids and two parasitoid species

Gillespie

Nasreen

Moffat

et al. 2011

Oikos

116

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Heat waves – extended periods of abnormally hot weather – are predicted to increase in severity and frequency under climate change. The severity of heat waves should impact communities and food webs through effects on performance of individual species and through changes in the strength of interactions between them. This study tested the effects of severity of simulated heat waves, with daily maxima of either 32°C or 40°C, on a tritrophic food web consisting of plants, Capsicum anuum, aphids, Myzus persicae and two parasitoids, Aphidius matricariae and Aphelinus abdominalis. Osmolarity of plant sap (concentration of dissolved solids) was highest under 40°C heat waves, suggesting the presence of secondary plant compounds involved with stress responses. Population growth of aphids was lower under heat waves (both 32°C and 40°C daily maxima), compared to environments with periodic hot days. Development time of parasitoids was longer under heat waves. Heat waves decreased the proportion of winged aphids in the population. When both parasitoid species were present, impacts on aphid populations were greater in heat wave environments than environments with periodic hot days. When either parasitoid species was by itself, heat waves did not affect the interaction between parasitoids and aphids. Numbers of A. matricariae were reduced in heat wave environments, whereas numbers of A. abdominalis were not. In addition to direct effects on individual species, we also obtained indirect evidence for the effects of heat waves on the bottom–up effects of plant stress compounds on herbivore performance, and on the strength of inter and intra‐specific competition. Our results demonstrate that heat waves could have important effects on community structure, and on important, community‐level processes such as intra‐guild interactions and trophic cascades.

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“…The probability p e that a randomly searching whitefly parasitoid like E. formosa encounters a host during time step dt , can be calculated by p e = 1 − exp(– ( sw + dm ) × ws × act × dens × dt )), where sw is the searching width of the parasitoid, dm the diameter of the host, ws the walking speed of the parasitoid, act the proportion of searching time that parasitoid walks actively, and dens the host density (van Roermund et al ., 1996). If it is assumed that sw = 0.05 cm, dm = 0.04 cm, ws = 0.04 cm s −1 , act = 0.75, dens = 0.241 hosts/64 cm 2 , then p e equals 0.003 per 5 min, or 0.58 per day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Behaviour of the biological control agent and whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) has been studied extensively in the laboratory and greenhouse (Noldus & van Lenteren, 1990; Hoddle et al ., 1998). Many aspects of biology and life‐history parameters are known (van Roermund & van Lenteren, 1992), and have been incorporated into simulation models on foraging behaviour (van Roermund et al ., 1996, 1997a, b) and population dynamics (van Roermund et al ., 1997c). This has resulted in a thorough understanding of how biological control of greenhouse whitefly with E. formosa works (van Lenteren et al ., 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural history of whitefly in Costa Rica: an evolutionary starting point

Burger

Gort²,

Lenteren

et al. 2004

Ecological Entomology

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Abstract. 1. To understand evolution of foraging behaviour in the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae), natural densities and distributions of whitefly (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae) were quantified in E. formosa's presumed area of origin, the Neotropics.2. Leaves were collected in Costa Rican nature areas along long transects (2-4 km), short transects (100 m), within 3-D plots (50 dm 3 À2.3 m 3 ) and along suspension bridges within the canopy, and checked for presence of whitefly nymphs.3. Generalised linear mixed modelling revealed that the number of hosts on the lower side of a leaflet of an average plant within an average spot of an average transect could be described by a Poisson distribution with mean and variance equal to 0.241, in a ratio of I1:I2:I3:I4 ¼ 0.14:0.23:0.26:0.37. The Poisson mean was affected largely by the plant and less by the spot or transect. Variation in leaf area explained little of the variation between plants. Based on the shape of the opening in vacated puparia, the probability that a whitefly became parasitised eventually was 12% on an average leaflet. Whitefly density was much lower in the canopy than at the forest floor in the same area.4. Semivariance analyses showed that in one of the three short transects, the numbers of whiteflies on leaves were spatially dependent. In four of seven 3-D plots at least one level of spatial dependence could be detected.5. Results are discussed in the context of understanding evolution of foraging behaviour by E. formosa.

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Analysis of foraging behavior of the whitefly parasitoidEncarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in an experimental arena: A simulation study

Cited by 12 publications

References 44 publications

Temperature influences walking speed and walking activity of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Temperature influences walking speed and walking activity of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Effects of simulated heat waves on an experimental community of pepper plants, green peach aphids and two parasitoid species

Natural history of whitefly in Costa Rica: an evolutionary starting point

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