Analysis of Floral Volatile Components and Antioxidant Activity of Different Varieties of Chrysanthemum morifolium

Abstract

This study investigated the volatile flavor compounds and antioxidant properties of the essential oil of chrysanthemums that was extracted from the fresh flowers of 10 taxa of Chrysanthemum morifolium from three species; namely Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Yellow, Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Red, Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Pink, Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) White, Pericallis hybrid Blue, Pericallis hybrid Pink, Pericallis hybrid Purple, Bellis perennis Pink, Bellis perennis Yellow, and Bellis perennis White. The antioxidant capacity of the essential oil was assayed by spectrophotometric analysis. The volatile flavor compounds from the fresh flowers were collected using dynamic headspace collection, analyzed using auto thermal desorber–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and identified with quantification using the external standard method. The antioxidant activities of Chrysanthemum morifolium were evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assays, and the results showed that the antioxidant activity of each sample was not the same. The different varieties of fresh Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers were distinguished and classified by fingerprint similarity evaluation, principle component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. The results showed that the floral volatile component profiles were significantly different among the different Chrysanthemum morifolium varieties. A total of 36 volatile flavor compounds were identified with eight functional groups: hydrocarbons, terpenoids, aromatic compounds, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aldehydes, and esters. Moreover, the variability among Chrysanthemum morifolium in basis to the data, and the first three principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) accounted for 96.509% of the total variance (55.802%, 30.599%, and 10.108%, respectively). PCA indicated that there were marked differences among Chrysanthemum morifolium varieties. The cluster analysis confirmed the results of the PCA analysis. In conclusion, the results of this study provide a basis for breeding Chrysanthemum cultivars with desirable floral scents, and they further support the view that some plants are promising sources of natural antioxidants.

Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical Composition of Gamma-Irradiated Mutant Cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium

“…The GC-MS analysis detected 99 volatile compounds in the novel chrysanthemum cultivars, of which 57 compounds were tentatively identified by mass spectra and retention time, based on a NIST library similarity index greater than 90%. The retention time of components may vary with individual chromatography systems, but the pattern of the gaps between retention times of ducane, eucalyptol, camphor, and bornyl acetate in the chemical profiling of the 12 chrysanthemum cultivars was similar to those of the literature [29]. In the present study, the retention index used to convert the retention time into a system-independent constant was not obtained.…”

Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Chrysanthemum with Artemisinin Biosynthesis Pathway Genes

“…RNA preparations were checked for the absence of DNA contamination by PCR analyses without reverse transcription step ( Figure S1B). Reverse transcription was performed using an M-MuLV RT enzyme (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and oligo d(T) 16 primer following the manufacturer's directions. The obtained cDNA preparations were analyzed by PCR for the presence of target sequences.…”

“…Many such plants are known, especially among crop plant belonging to flavor herbs or medicines, such as chrysanthemum [12][13][14]. The high content of various terpenoids is characteristic of the widespread Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, which is one of the leading ornamental crops, second to roses, cultivated almost everywhere [15,16]. Noteworthy, the methods of biotechnology and genetic engineering of chrysanthemum have already been developed in detail.…”

Protective effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ethanol extract on lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury in mice

“…was first recorded in “Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic” and listed as the top grade, which means it is an effective, safe, non-toxic and harmless medicine [ 14 – 16 ]. Li et al reported that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of CEE in vitro and in vivo [ 17 – 19 ]. It is often used in the clinical treatment of sores, dementia, eye swelling, lung pain, sore throat and flu.…”