Analysis of flax fibres viscoelastic behaviour at micro and nano scales

Kéryvin, Vincent; Lan, Marine; Bourmaud, Alain; Parenteau, Thomas; Charleux, Ludovic; Baley, Christophe

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.10.006

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The large standard errors of the experimental data, in particular at high frequencies, can be attributed to tissue heterogeneity, which varies with position in all regions within the stem. Our results are consistent with the viscoelastic behaviour observed with nano-indentation, including AFM, of dried secondary cell walls in flax fibres and wood [51][52][53] .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Nano-indentation reveals a potential role for gradients of cell wall stiffness in directional movement of the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla

Asgari

Brulé

Western

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Stiffness, defined as the ability of a material to resist deformation in response to an applied stress, determines the direction and extent of conformational changes undertaken by a material and hence is a critical mechanical property governing actuation response. The stiffer a material is, the less it deforms under a mechanical load. By layering or otherwise locally joining materials with dissimilar stiffness in a composite material, it is possible to control the global deformation in a specific direction 14,15. Stiffness profiles leading to deformation in S. lepidophylla have been studied at the organ and tissue level 10,11. Here, we present a complementary nanoscale investigation that sheds light on previously unexplored factors controlling the stiffness of S. lepidophylla in static and time-varying loads. The specific focus is on the elastic moduli of cortical cell walls, and the aim is to understand their contribution to the observed direction and degree of curling of inner stems. We take advantage of atomic force microscopy (AFM), a technique frequently used to study plant cell wall mechanics 16-18. In particular, we use AFM indentation to locally measure the nanoscale elastic properties of cell walls, as well as to assess the level of inhomogeneity and stiffness gradients of the tissue across representative transverse sections of the plant, both longitudinally (stem tip to base) and between adaxial and abaxial stem sides. We also preliminarily investigate the viscoelastic behaviour at given loading rates. Materials and Methods Plant materials. Mature S. lepidophylla plants were purchased from Canadian Air Plants (New Brunswick, Canada), and maintained in a desiccated state at 25 °C and ~30-50% relative humidity until use. Prior to experimentation, S. lepidophylla plants were placed in a plate of water and allowed to rehydrate for three consecutive days to achieve 100% relative water content. Time-lapse video capture. Video capture was adapted from the protocol in Rafsanjani et al. 10. Time-lapse videos were captured using a Logitech C920 HD Pro Webcam (1080p, Carl Zeiss optics) and Video Velocity Time-Lapse Studio software (Candylabs). S. lepidophylla plants were allowed to rehydrate for 24 hours. Individual inner stems were cut from the plant at the root-stem interface and secured in a metal clamp, which was affixed to the base of a square Petri dish. Stems were then allowed to air-dry for approximately 6 hours, during which time changes in their curvature were captured via time-lapse filming at frame rate of 1 min 21 s. Stems were taken from four different S. lepidophylla plants. In total, four inner stems were tested and displayed similar curling/uncurling patterns.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Nano-indentation reveals a potential role for gradients of cell wall stiffness in directional movement of the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla

Asgari

Brulé

Western

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…In other words, the treatment increased the toughness of the wood cell walls. Based on the observations, heat treatment under a nitrogen atmosphere clearly reduced the creep behavior of the cell walls 48,49 , and the O1 and O2 samples represented higher deviations, which was in direct relation to the presence of oil in the cell walls. The lower creep ratio of the heat-treated wood was most likely caused by the higher reinforcement of recondensation and cross-linking reactions of the lignocellulosic structures 50,51 . conclusions Wood samples heat treated under different media were tested by nanoindentation at room temperature.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Comparison of the chemical and micromechanical properties of Larix spp. after eco-friendly heat treatments measured by in situ nanoindentation

Dong

Wang

2020

Sci Rep

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Heat treatment is a green, environmentally friendly and mild pyrolysis process that improves the dimensional stability and durability of wood. in this study, Larix spp. Samples were heated at 180 °C and 210 °C for 6 h with nitrogen, air or oil as heat-conducting media. The influence of high-temperature heat treatment on the microstructure, chemical components, and micromechanical properties was investigated. the mass loss rate increased with increasing temperature, and the degradation of wood components resulted in cracks in the cell walls. Samples treated with air showed more cracks in cell walls than were observed in the cells walls of wood treated with the other heat-conducting media. the hardness of the cell walls increased after all heat treatments. in addition, the results showed that heat treatment reduced creep behavior compared to that of untreated wood.Larix spp., an appealing source of wood products in China, are massively planted due to their excellent adaptability, rapid growth and long growth cycle. However, the poor dimensional stability and durability of these species severely limits their scope of applications 1 . Recently, several industrial-scale and environmentally friendly heat treatment processes were applied to solve these problems without the addition of chemical agents, including Retification ® , Thermowood ® , Plato Wood ® , OHT ® and so on 2 . The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and hygroscopicity of wood decreased markedly after heat treatment, which could prevent several appearance defects, such as blue staining and white rot. Moreover, after appropriate heat treatment, wood durability can be enhanced significantly, which extends the life cycle of the wood products accordingly 3 .Heat treatment, a green process, alters the chemical composition of wood through pyrolysis of the hemicellulose and part of the amorphous cellulose, evaporation of extractives and condensation of byproducts 4,5 . This procedure caused a higher degree of cellulose crystallinity, lower hydrophilicity, improved color, and better dimensional stability and durability of wood 6,7 . The mechanical properties of heat-treated wood, including compression strength, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, brittleness, impact bending and so on, have been extensively reported on 8 . Previous studies have shown that the elemental composition (C/O ratio or C content) is a useful marker for predicting the level or extent of heat treatment 9,10 . These markers can also be effectively used for the prediction of decay durability and mechanical properties of heat-treated wood. Furthermore, the mass loss rate is also a notable feature in heat treatment and is a parameter used for quality control 11,12 . It has been massively proven that chemical transformations of compounds and extractives in wood cell walls is caused by heat treatment 13,14 . These transformations are mainly dependent on the wood species, treatment duration, heat temperature and so on 15-17 .If wood heat treatment involves air on an industrial scale, a lowe...

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“…Other studies have described single fibre cyclic loading [26], and showed that the non-linearity reduces with cycling and the fibre stiffness increases. The viscoelastic response of single fibres has also been studied [28].…”

Section: Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific features of flax fibres used to manufacture composite materials

et al. 2018

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The use of composite materials reinforced by flax fibres has been increasing steadily over the last 20 years. These fibres show attractive mechanical properties but also some particularities (naturally limited length, presence of a lumen, fibres grouped in bundles in the plant, complex surface properties and composition). An analysis of the available literature indicates that the quality of the composite materials studied is not always optimal (high porosity, incomplete impregnation, heterogeneous microstructure, variable fibre orientation). This paper reviews published data on the specific nature of flax fibres with respect to manufacturing of biocomposites (defined here as polymers reinforced by natural fibres). All the important steps in the process which influence final properties are analyzed, including the plant development, retting, fibre extraction, fibre treatment, preform preparation, available manufacturing processes, the impregnation step, fibre cell wall changes during processing and fibre/matrix adhesion.

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Analysis of flax fibres viscoelastic behaviour at micro and nano scales

Cited by 43 publications

References 36 publications

Nano-indentation reveals a potential role for gradients of cell wall stiffness in directional movement of the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla

Nano-indentation reveals a potential role for gradients of cell wall stiffness in directional movement of the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla

Comparison of the chemical and micromechanical properties of Larix spp. after eco-friendly heat treatments measured by in situ nanoindentation

Specific features of flax fibres used to manufacture composite materials

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