Analysis of factors affecting the realization of right to adequate housing in Iran: developing an interpretive-structural model

Abstract

Purpose Access to adequate housing represents a right entitled to any individual, as has been acknowledged by all states around the world. In Iran, despite the declaration of this right as per the Article 31 of Iran’s Constitution, it is yet to be realized. The purpose of this study is to developing a model for realization of the right to the adequate housing. Design/methodology/approach The present research was performed through a guided qualitative method. Structural-interpretative modeling was performed to present the model of right to adequate housing, and Mic Mac analysis was conducted for clustering the identified factors. Statistical population was composed of housing experts, with the samples taken via purposive sampling technique. Findings Based on the findings, the following factors were found to impose the largest effects on the realization of the right to adequate housing: alignment with ideology and beliefs of society; governance structure related arrangements; social structure related arrangements; improving security of tenure; justice in tenure; and local requirements. Practical implications Findings of this research contributes to increasing the awareness of the housing officials about their policies, reminding them the necessity of revisiting their routines for policy-setting. Indeed, they must switch from centralized policymaking to localized (provincealization) policymaking. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to investigate the right to adequate housing in Iran, elaborating on the relationship between relevant theories and practical issues.

Hybrid business offerings in small internationalisers: a mixed-method analysis of internal capabilities through hesitant fuzzy information

“…Hence, two panels of experts (the same members who participated in the HFD phase) have been elected to share their opinions. ISM is an expert-based sampling method to capture the casual relationship amongst a set of factors (Rahimi et al ., 2020; Zarghamfard and Meshkini, 2022). No general criteria are proposed to select a group of experts for participating in the ISM process.…”

Turkey, the second home for Iranians: push and pull motivations in Turkish housing market

“…Even though housing is assumed as a basic need, it has grown into a capital commodity as liberal and neoliberal economic policies and cash infusion into this sector are rising rapidly. Indeed, housing has become a completely safe investment in many countries, particularly in developing economies (Zarghamfard and Meshkini, 2021). As a result, most countries across the world are hosting foreign investors in the real estate sector.…”

“…The investment attractiveness in Turkey has additionally encouraged Iranians to invest in the country's housing sector. Despite seven decades of planning, housing policies in Iran have also failed for some reasons, such as imitation, no localization (Zarghamfard and Meshkini, 2021), populism, lack of land reform policies (Zarghamfard et al ., 2020), and inadequate core competencies (Ghaedrahmati and Zarghamfard, 2021). Moreover, severe economic sanctions on Iran and their subsequent restrictions on financial relations between Iran and other countries, economic growth closer to zero or negative values in this region, Iranian currency devaluation, high inflation rates, fluctuations in parameters shaping Iran's economy, the declining power of the Iranian passport, and the traditional aspiration of Iranians to invest in real estate compared with other markets have all augmented investment risks in this country and led citizens to seek alternative markets.…”

Structural analysis of factors affecting the housing in Tabriz metropolis: a future study approach

“…The housing sector today plays a prominent role in the globalization of national and urban political economies (Wetzstein, 2017). Besides being the driving force of the political economy, housing is also affected by a variety of factors, such as processes of urbanization (Zarghamfard et al , 2020), suburbanization (Andreasen et al , 2017), housing commodification (Zarghamfard and Meshkini, 2021; Chen and Wu, 2020), migration and spatial patterns (Meen, 1999), wave effect (Huang, 2011; Meen, 1996), spatial diffusion (Zhu and Zhang, 2021), demographic issues (Ghaedrahmati and Zarghamfard, 2021), political relations (Jaupart, 2020), financial intermediaries (Reher, 2021), characteristics of urban area (Gu et al , 2020), social stratification (Han et al , 2021), overflow effects (Liang et al , 2018), private partnership initiatives (Lau, 2005), land issues (Meshkini et al , 2019; Liang et al , 2020), development of transportation lines (Baker et al , 2021), housing policy processes (Jaupart, 2020), market bubbles (Ayub et al , 2020), individual preferences and life quality (Shaw, 2004), asset management (Marchesi and Tweed, 2021), income conditions (Zhao et al , 2021), construction techniques and technologies (Raj et al , 2021), savings programs (Chen et al , 2020), tax policies (Guo and Jiang, 2021), trading cycles (Chen and Zhao, 2021), novel rental constructions (Murie and Rowlands, 2008), globalization of housing investment processes (Wetzstein, 2017) identified as the drivers of housing sector in the literature.…”

“…Since the 1980s, various policies have been adopted to supply housing in Iran, including Mass housing, Cooperative housing, Rental housing, Mehr housing, Social housing and more recently National housing. But the literature review reveals that the housing problem still exists and governments have failed to succeed in this field (Zarghamfard and Meshkini, 2021). Although the housing sector has been considered as a major hub in all governments, housing supply is facing serious problems and due to the influence of neoliberal policies in Iran, it has recently become more and more difficult.…”