Analysis of eye movements and blinks during reading: Effects of Valium

Stern, John A.; Bremer, David; McCLURE, James N.

doi:10.1007/bf00421367

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Stern et al. studied the blink 12 . Thus far, we know there is both a universal element and a cultural element involved in anticipating someone's psychological status.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors influencing the processing of visual information from non‐verbal communications

Matsumoto

Shibata

Shimosato

et al. 2010

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Aims: This paper examines the relationship between observational behavior and the observers' result assumptions, using a contained diagram that includes significant non-verbal information, such as gestures. The ability of care workers to assess a patient's mental status on the basis of nonverbal information would be considered an important skill necessary to understanding patient condition. Methods:One hundred and eleven subjects were asked to take a test exploring two types of psychological status, and their eye movements were monitored during testing. Path analysis was used to examine the relationships among eye movements, individual personalities, and test results. Results:In stimulus 1, the neuroticism of the personality was determined. In stimulus 2, openness was determined in the range of eye movement. There is a relationship between the total length of eye fixation time and the answer time at the eye fixation point. Although there was no significant influence found in stimulus 1, the openness still tended to influence the eye fixation point. Conclusions:The eye fixation point increased among those people with high openness scores. It was theorized that they attempted to obtain information from the stimulus being provided.Key words: eye movement, NEO, non-verbal communication, psychological status, visual information. T HE ABILITY TO interpret non-verbal information, including facial expressions and gestures, to determine someone's state of mind is a very important skill in mental health-care settings. It is often difficult for mentally ill people to verbally express their condition. Therefore, professionals must provide patients with an environment that allows patients to more easily express their condition; professionals must also gain insight into different conditions and desires through observation. The observation act has two stages. In the first stage, perception comes from the sensory feeling receptor. Alternatively, the recognition in the second stage involves processing the perceived information and deriving meaning from it.With regard to the first phase, the sensory receptor refers to the five human senses: sight, touch, smell, hearing, and taste. People always communicate with each other, not only with words, but also by sending and receiving information through the five senses. This paper therefore focused on the visual information that becomes the center of perception for nonverbal information. A large and growing body of literature has reported on people's psychological status using visual information. Such research has

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“…Stern et al. studied the blink 12 . Thus far, we know there is both a universal element and a cultural element involved in anticipating someone's psychological status.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,11 Stern et al studied the blink. 12 Thus far, we know there is both a universal element and a cultural element involved in anticipating someone's psychological status. Van Geert systematized the generalizations of empirical and technical.…”

Section: Personalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing the processing of visual information from non‐verbal communications

Matsumoto

Shibata

Shimosato

et al. 2010

Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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“…Furtherm ore, saccadic velocity is a well-known indicator of decreased or increased arousal, for example saccadic velocity decreases under the in¯uence of benzodiazepines (AschoOE1968, AschoOEet al 1974 or alcohol (Franck and Kuhlo 1970) or when tired (Becker and Fuchs 1969, Stern et al 1974, M cGregor and Stern 1996. Saccadic velocity increases as the di culty of the task increases (Galley 1993b).…”

Section: Saccadic Eye Movement Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

An enquiry into the relationship between activation and performance using saccadic eye movement parameters

Galley

1998

Ergonomics

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Saccadic eye movement was measured in three studies in a tracking task in which increasing stimulus jumping frequency indicates increasing difficulty. In the first study, after taking a benzodiazepine 16 subjects showed decreased saccadic velocity (activation indicator), but their reaction times and anticipatory behaviour (performance indicators) did not parallel this decline, although the saccadic amplitudes did. In the second deactivation study 23 subjects worked on somewhat boring oculomotor tasks for 2 h and showed the same decrease in saccadic velocity but showed almost no performance decline. In the third study a large sample of 254 subjects performed the same short tracking task, which offered the detailed analysis of the correspondence of the saccadic activation indicator to saccadic performance indicators. Almost all correlations were zero correlations. Thus, while performance seems to be practically independent of changing activation, the latter is dependent upon performance from one moment to the next. Stable differences were found between anticipatory and reactive saccades, which indicate an immediate change of saccadic velocity when the response mode changes. Therefore a reformulation of the relationship between performance and activation is proposed. Performance is stabilized by 'concentration' in a two-stage regulation process, i.e., it resists changing activation (for example through fatigue). In the second stage, the 'effort loop', additional brainstem activation is demanded when concentration alone fails to reach the goals that were set by the subject for his performance.

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“…the automated rotated designs test (Sambrooks, Macculloch, Birtles & Smallman, 1972: Sambrooks, Macculloch & Rooney, 1975 and the continuous performance reading task (Stern, Bremer & McClure, 1974) have been used too infrequently for any estimate of their sensitivity to drug induced changes in performance to be made.…”

Section: Gross Body Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%