Analysis of European policies and incentives for microgrids

Abstract

Abstract.One of the best solutions to face the problems in the current European electric systems is based on the implementation of microgrids as a way of increasing the consumption from renewable energy (RE) sources, improving energy efficiency, decreasing GHG emissions and, as a consequence, complying with European Commission (EC) 2020 targets. In this line, different EU regulations have been established but the particularities of each member state regulatory framework could appear as a barrier. For this reason, it is important to study how member states are carrying out the tasks associated with the penetration of microgrids, studying how European directives are transposed and incentives introduced. Besides, representative projects and demonstration cases for microgrids are shown, in order to determine the feasibility of the introduction of this novel concept in real situations.

Microgrids: Experiences, barriers and success factors

“…Consequently, a kWh produced by a consumer will accrue the same toll payment as a kWh purchased from the grid (around 6 Eurocents per generated kWh). Thus these regulatory barriers may block the deployment of microgrids in Spain [52].…”

Review of distributed generation (DG) system planning and optimisation techniques: Comparison of numerical and mathematical modelling methods

“…reactive power management and voltage regulation) [101], biased allocation of subsidies for centralised power station development, limited access to regional electric power system development plan for private sectors, bureaucratic complications for licensing application [102], discriminatory use of system (UoS) charge imposed onto small generators [103], and lack of tax exemption. Specifically in Spain, off-grid DG system establishment is not permitted, and self-consumption end users must afford system and service costs [104]. In Finland, complicated construction permit application procedures and heavy levy are among the issues hindering DG development [3].…”

A Review of the Conceptualization and Operational Management of Seaport Microgrids on the Shore and Seaside

“…These incentives will encourage the port entities to take the necessary actions to improve their port so that they Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 21 October 2021 can achieve more discounts on port dues. J. Sanz et al [137] review four types of incentives for microgrid which are; 1) feed in tariffs, 2) market premium, 3) green certificates, and 4) tenders. Each incentive is initiated for different conditions and rewards but with the same goal toward energy saving and zero foot print ports.…”