Analysis of Energy Use and Input Costs for Irrigation in Field Crop Production: A Case Study for the Konya Plain of Turkey

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the energy use and input costs for irrigation in field crop production of winter wheat, maize, sugar beet, dry bean, potato, and carrot. For this purpose, irrigation data for the production of six field crops were collected through a survey of 72 farms. According to the results, the carrot crop used the highest amount of energy for irrigation with a value of 47,655 MJ/ha, and winter wheat used the least at 13,167 MJ/ha. Energy efficiency of irrigation for carrot, sugar beet, dry bean, potato, maize, and winter wheat were estimated to be 3. 19, 6.04, 1.11, 2.69, 6.41, and 3.95, respectively. The most important cost item for irrigation was the diesel energy cost. The farms that used electricity for irrigation were more successful in terms of economic performance. It was concluded that excess water and energy use for the irrigation process should be reduced to increase the efficiency of energy use for the production of field crops in arid and semi-arid areas.

Evaluating spatial and temporal variation in agricultural output elasticities in Turkey

“…Given the regional differences in the Turkish agricultural sector, the literature of the relationship between agricultural output and input factors in Turkey typically focused on the technical relationships transforming input factors into agricultural production in a given region (e.g., Erdal et al., ; Ozsbuncuoglu, ; Tipi and Rehber, ; Tipi et al., ; Topak et al., ; Uzmay et al., ; ). Despite the spatial patterns evident in agricultural output and input use, and the importance of the regional disparities in Turkish agricultural sector recognized in the literature, aggregate agricultural production models have rarely been explored in a spatially explicit framework.…”

Sustainable irrigation technologies: a water-energy-food (WEF) nexus perspective towards achieving more crop per drop per joule per hectare

“…Performances of irrigated agriculture have been investigated and reported on silos and indicators of water such as water productivity and WUE (Zwart and Bastiaanssen 2004 ); energy such as EP and energy use (Pimentel 2009 , Topak et al 2009 ); and food such as yield. Previous integrated nexus case studies in irrigated agriculture include the water-energy nexus (ADB 2017 ) and the WEF nexus (Siddiqi and Wescoat 2013 , Das et al 2020 ).…”

“…Grain yield (ton ha −1 ) was defined as grain yield yielded when the crop has reached maturity, whilst energy productivity EP (kg MJ −1 ) was defined as grain yield harvested per unit of energy supplied to drive the crop production process (Tabatabaeefar et al 2009 ). EP is determined as the ratio of crop yield to the energy input (Mohammadi et al 2008 , Topak et al 2009 , Mohammadi et al 2010 , Mohammadi and Omid 2010 , Banaeian et al 2020 ): The study focused on cereal crops, especially C4 crops (sugarcane, maize, sorghum, millet etc. ), which are crops that utilize the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) enzyme to avoid photorespiration (Sage et al 1999 ).…”

“…Similarly, Molden and Gates ( 1990 ), Burt et al ( 1997 ), Molden et al ( 1998 ), Molden et al ( 2001 ) and Bos et al ( 2005 ) presented descriptions, practical guidelines, and case studies for assessing irrigation systems’ water and yield centric performance. Separate discussions have been done on energy productivity (EP) and use efficiency in irrigated agriculture (Pimentel 2009 , Topak et al 2009 , Lorzadeh et al 2011 , Vural and Efecan 2012 , Yuan and Peng 2017 ). However, many of these discussions and reports treat the individual inputs and factors in separate silos of water, energy and food, leading to limited information, understanding and quantification of water for food, energy for water and energy for food interlinkages (Siddiqi and Wescoat 2013 , ADB 2017 , Das et al 2020 ).…”

İklim Değişikliğinin Çiftçilerin Hanehalkı Gelir Düzeyine Etkileri: Türkiye'de Konya İli Sarayönü İlçesi Örneği

“…İn addition, environmental pollution and global climate change also affect the basin water, which consequently limits the use of water in the irrigation system for proper agricultural production When the producers cannot invest in new irrigation technology for sufficient agricultural products, some of them migrate to other areas though climate-induced internal migration is not adequately recorded (İslam, 2022b) nor the migrants get their refugee identity (İslam, 2016c). Studies show that since Konya has been experiencing severe drought due to the impacts of climate change on water resources of the area, agricultural production, i.e., production of wheat, barley, etc., has drastically been reduced in the recent years (Al-Bakri et al, 2013;İslam, 2022a;Soylu, 2021;Topak & Acar, 2010). This situation leads to an income crisis for many producers, destabilizing the households' income source and contributing to the region's migration process.…”