Analysis of Electronic Cigarette Cartridges, Refill Solutions, and Smoke for Nicotine and Nicotine Related Impurities

Trehy, Michael L.; Ye, Wei; Hadwiger, Michael E.; Moore, Terry W.; Allgire, James F.; Woodruff, Jeffrey T.; Ahadi, Shafiq; Black, John C.; Westenberger, Benjamin J.

doi:10.1080/10826076.2011.572213

Cited by 213 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Also noteworthy, refill fluids #22 (Cinnamon Ceylon) and #58 Vaporbomb.com Cinna-Bomb 2Â) were labeled zero nicotine, but nicotine was indeed identified by HPLC as a component in these products. These data demonstrate inaccuracies in labeling with respect to nicotine concentrations, as has been previously reported (Trehy et al, 2011;Goniewicz et al, 2012) and observed in our unpublished data. These labeling inaccuracies also extend to EC components other than nicotine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids

Behar

Davis

Wang

et al. 2014

Toxicology in Vitro

225

211

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a b s t r a c tIn a prior study on electronic cigarette (EC) refill fluids, Cinnamon Ceylon was the most cytotoxic of 36 products tested. The purpose of the current study was to determine if high cytotoxicity is a general feature of cinnamon-flavored EC refill fluids and to identify the toxicant(s) in Cinnamon Ceylon. Eight cinnamon-flavored refill fluids, which were screened using the MTT assay, varied in their cytotoxicity with most being cytotoxic. Human embryonic stem cells were generally more sensitive than human adult pulmonary fibroblasts. Most products were highly volatile and produced vapors that impaired survival of cells in adjacent wells. Cinnamaldehyde (CAD), 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde (2MOCA), dipropylene glycol, and vanillin were identified in the cinnamon-flavored refill fluids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). When authentic standards of each chemical were tested using the MTT assay, only CAD and 2MOCA were highly cytotoxic. The amount of each chemical in the refill fluids was quantified using HPLC, and cytotoxicity correlated with the amount of CAD/ product. Duplicate bottles of the same product were similar, but varied in their concentrations of 2MOCA. These data show that the cinnamon flavorings in refill fluids are linked to cytotoxicity, which could adversely affect EC users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids

Behar

Davis

Wang

et al. 2014

Toxicology in Vitro

225

211

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“…Two studies by Goniewicz et al (10,11) explore the nicotine concentration of electronic cigarette liquids in cartridges and refill formulations from the UK, US and Poland. Trehy et al (12) analyzed a variety of cartridges for both nicotine and impurities related to nicotine. Lisko et al (13) analyzed e-cigarette refill liquids and cartridges for not only nicotine but also nicotine-related impurities and a handful of flavorant compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration of Nicotine and Glycols in 27 Electronic Cigarette Formulations

et al. 2016

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Personal battery-powered vaporizers or electronic cigarettes were developed to deliver a nicotine vapor such that smokers could simulate smoking tobacco without the inherent pathology of inhaled tobacco smoke. Electronic cigarettes and their e-cigarette liquid formulations are virtually unregulated. These formulations are typically composed of propylene glycol and/or glycerin, flavoring components and an active drug, such as nicotine. Twenty-seven e-cigarette liquid formulations that contain nicotine between 6 and 22 mg/L were acquired within the USA and analyzed by various methods to determine their contents. They were screened by Direct Analysis in Real Time™ Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS). Nicotine was confirmed and quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the glycol composition was confirmed and quantitated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The DART-MS screening method was able to consistently identify the exact mass peaks resulting from the protonated molecular ion of nicotine, glycol and a number of flavor additives within 5 mmu. Nicotine concentrations were determined to range from 45 to 131% of the stated label concentration, with 18 of the 27 have >10% variance. Glycol composition was generally accurate to the product description, with only one exception where the propylene glycol to glycerin percentage ratio was stated as 50:50 and the determined concentration of propylene glycol to glycerin was 81:19 (% v/v). No unlabeled glycols were detected in these formulations.

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“…Though final consensus has not been reached (Caponetto et al, 2013;Geiss et al, 2015;Wagener et al, 2012), some studies suggest that e-cigarette products may reduce risk and offer a safer alternative (Farsalinos et al, 2014) to combustible cigarettes for consumers and people exposed to second-hand smoke (Colard et al, 2015;Czogala et al, 2013;Mcauley et al, 2012;Schripp et al, 2013) when liquid formulation and devices are adequately controlled and regulated (American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2014;Cahn & Siegel, 2011;Trehy et al, 2011). Consequently, the need to apply strict and accurate methodologies to assess e-cigarette products is essential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scattering methodology for droplet sizing of e-cigarette aerosols

Pratte

Cosandey

Goujon-Ginglinger

2016

Inhalation Toxicology

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Context: Knowledge of the droplet size distribution of inhalable aerosols is important to predict aerosol deposition yield at various respiratory tract locations in human. Optical methodologies are usually preferred over the multi-stage cascade impactor for high-throughput measurements of aerosol particle/droplet size distributions. Objective: Evaluate the Laser Aerosol Spectrometer technology based on Polystyrene Sphere Latex (PSL) calibration curve applied for the experimental determination of droplet size distributions in the diameter range typical of commercial e-cigarette aerosols (147-1361 nm). Materials and methods: This calibration procedure was tested for a TSI Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (LAS) operating at a wavelength of 633 nm and assessed against model diethyl-hexyl-sebacat (DEHS) droplets and e-cigarette aerosols. The PSL size response was measured, and intra-and between-day standard deviations calculated. Results: DEHS droplet sizes were underestimated by 15-20% by the LAS when the PSL calibration curve was used; however, the intra-and between-day relative standard deviations were 53%. This bias is attributed to the fact that the index of refraction of PSL calibrated particles is different in comparison to test aerosols. This 15-20% does not include the droplet evaporation component, which may reduce droplet size prior a measurement is performed. Aerosol concentration was measured accurately with a maximum uncertainty of 20%. Count median diameters and mass median aerodynamic diameters of selected e-cigarette aerosols ranged from 130-191 nm to 225-293 nm, respectively, similar to published values. Discussion and conclusion: The LAS instrument can be used to measure e-cigarette aerosol droplet size distributions with a bias underestimating the expected value by 15-20% when using a precise PSL calibration curve. Controlled variability of DEHS size measurements can be achieved with the LAS system; however, this method can only be applied to test aerosols having a refractive index close to that of PSL particles used for calibration.

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Analysis of Electronic Cigarette Cartridges, Refill Solutions, and Smoke for Nicotine and Nicotine Related Impurities

Cited by 213 publications

References 12 publications

Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids

Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids

Concentration of Nicotine and Glycols in 27 Electronic Cigarette Formulations

A scattering methodology for droplet sizing of e-cigarette aerosols

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