Analysis of Effect of Schisandra in the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction Based on Three-Mode Gene Ontology Network

Abstract

Schisandra chinensis is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, which has been widely used in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction in China. However, it has been difficult to systematically clarify the major pharmacological effect of Schisandra, due to its multi-component complex mechanism. In order to solve this problem, a comprehensive network analysis method was established based-on “component–gene ontology–effect” interactions. Through the network analysis, reduction of cardiac preload and myocardial contractility was shown to be the major effect of Schisandra components, which was further experimentally validated. In addition, the expression of NCOR2 and NFAT in myocyte were experimentally confirmed to be associated with Schisandra in the treatment of AMI, which may be responsible for the preservation effect of myocardial contractility. In conclusion, the three-mode gene ontology network can be an effective network analysis workflow to evaluate the pharmacological effects of a multi-drug complex system.

Persistent Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction: Pathophysiological Substrate and Trigger for Late-Onset Neurodegeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury

“…Reports regarding long-term brain changes after milder injuries have been mixed, and the results were often complicated by factors concerned with the number and severity/complications of injuries, genetic risk, and mental states and behavior (Hayes et al, 2017;LoBue et al, 2019). Diffuse axonal injury has been found in TBI of any severity and post-mortem studies reported widespread axonal pathology could continue for a sufficient length of time (weeks to months, even years) after mild-to-severe TBI in humans (Blumbergs et al, 1989;Johnson et al, 2013a,b;Shetty et al, 2014;Logsdon et al, 2015). A continuum of microglia activation across a wide range of TBI conditions was also observed in animal models (Nagamoto-Combs et al, 2007;Nagamoto-Combs et al, 2010) and human autopsy (form different cause) (Gentleman et al, 2004;Johnson et al, 2013a), even up to 18 years after TBI, and this was related to the consistently ongoing white matter degeneration (Johnson et al, 2013a).…”

“…Continued BBB dysfunction and neuroglial dysfunction following TBI are also implicated as triggers of post-TBI neurodegeneration, and the underlying mechanisms include, certainly, astrocyte dysfunction-induced impaired glutamate clearance as mentioned above. Perennial BBB alterations recruit brain-resident neuroglia and infiltrating leukocytes to form chronic neuroinflammation (Shetty et al, 2014;Hay et al, 2015), which is also a pathological characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases (Heneka et al, 2015;Sevenich, 2018). Similar to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation is indicated to elicit the abnormal accumulation of pathological proteins (LoBue et al, 2019), which may further exacerbate vascular lesion as the perivascular location of proteinopathies has been observed in autopsies of TBI victims (McKee et al, 2012;Tagge et al, 2018).…”

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. (Danshen) for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinical Evidence and Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy for Developing Supplementary Medical Application

“…Network pharmacology, rooted in systems biology, is a flexible approach combining the disciplines of bioinformatics, computational analysis, and polypharmacology, which can be used to investigate the complex interactions inherent in Chinese herbal medicine ( Zhang et al, 2019 ). Network pharmacology therefore offers the possibility of a solution to multiple element profile complexity, in which intersections and interactions of physiological proteins and other biological factors are important ( Hu et al, 2019 ). The paradigm of network pharmacology also accelerates drug discoveries featuring as combinatorial rules and compound-gene associations ( Shao Li and Zhang., 2013 ).…”

Healthcare Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Analytics: A Review and Proposed Framework

“…Additionally, many ontologies were developed to diagnose and treat diseases such as diabetes mellitus [40][41][42], liver cancer [43], myocardial infarction [44], dermatosis [45], hypertension [46], Ebola virus infection [47], fibrotic interstitial lung disease [48], breast cancer [49,50], pneumonia [51][52][53], and Alzheimer's [54]. Some ontologies are for differential diagnosis [55][56][57] and others for drugs [58][59][60].…”