Analysis of Economic Efficiency of Small-scale Onion Production in Volcanic Highlands in Rwanda

Factors Affecting Farm Performance among Small-Scale Farmers in the Volcanic Highlands of Rwanda: What is the Role of Institutions?

“…For a negative effect of loan access on farm output, this contrasts with the existing literature which states that access to credit and financial services is very important for the improved wellbeing of rural households (Ogundeji et al, 2018) and thus highlights that credit is required to purchase productive inputs such as high-yield planting materials, adoption of improved farming techniques, farm implements, and the renting of arable land (Ogundeji et al, 2018). Such a contrasting situation could be due to suboptimal use of credit, and implies that credit has not yet reached the optimal level or that its services do not meet the real needs of small-scale farmers in the study area (Maniriho et al, 2020).…”

“…It also contrasts with Danso-Abbeam, Ehiakpor, & Aidoo (2018), who reaffirmed the critical role of extension programs in enhancing farm productivity and household income, and endorses the idea that the sustainable delivery of extension services should be conducted through suitable recruitment and regular training of extension agents, as well as adequate provision of necessary facilities. The negative effect of extension services on crop output could imply that these services are not well adapted to meeting the real needs of small-scale farmers in the study area (Maniriho et al, 2020).…”

“…This region spans four districts, with 101 farmers surveyed in Burera, 101 in Musanze, 100 in Nyabihu, and 99 in Rubavu. Along with Imbo, Impala, Kivu Lake Borders, Congo Nile Crest, Eastern Plateau, Central Plateau, Buberuka Highlands, Mayaga, Bugesera, and Eastern Savannah, the Birunga region is one of the 12 agro-ecological zones in Rwanda (Maniriho, Musabanganji, & Lebailly, 2020).…”

“…), corn, beans, wheat, and other crops being the main crops. This region is characterized by regular rains; fairly shallow soil, resulting in simple farming equipment and generalization of cropping; lower risk of erosion thanks to bedding cultivation, soil permeability and often minimal uneven terrain; and black soils rich in humus (andosols or andepts) with good fertility, suitable for temperate climate crops, but whose acidity ranges from low to high throughout the region (Maniriho et al, 2020).…”

Risk Behavior of Small and Marginal Farmers in Cauvery Delta Zone, Tamil Nadu

“…Nearly one-fourth of the Legume farmers (24.00%) were also found to be more intermediate risk averse than cereal farmers accounting of 20.00 per cent. Maniriho [13] revealed that "farmers exposed to environmental risks and even more affected by impact born from shocks like destructive rains (60.2 per cent), mountain slides (22 per cent) and floods (4.8 per cent)". Edeh [14] revealed that "the major environmental risk management methods used by the farmers include early land preparation and planting (92.59%), adoption of crop diversification (81.48%), use of improved rice varieties (74.07%); use of drainage practices (66.67%) and engaging in non-farm activities for income generation (54.63%)".…”