Analysis of Ecologically Relevant Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and Surface Water Using Selective Solid-Phase Extraction and UPLC−MS/MS

Batt, Angela L.; Kostich, Mitch; Lazorchak, James M.

doi:10.1021/ac800066n

Cited by 230 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…However, its significance remained unnoticed for long, perhaps partly because regulation of pharmaceuticals is often in the hands of health agencies with limited expertise in environmental issues (Daughton and Ternes 1999). Since 1990s, implementation of increasingly sensitive analysis techniques opened the door for multiple investigations that demonstrated the presence of traces of various classes of pharmaceuticals in surface waters at nanogram to microgram per liter level Stolker et al 2004;Ellis 2006;Hernando et al 2006a;Jjemba 2006;Gibson et al 2007;Kasprzyk-Hordem et al 2007;Batt et al 2008;Kasprzyk-Hordern et al 2008;Sacher et al 2008;Gros et al 2009;Meng 2009;Matamoros et al 2010;Ter Laak et al 2010). Figure 3 shows pharmaceuticals, including X-ray contrast media, detected in surface water at an intake site of a drinking water treatment plant along the River Meuse.…”

Section: Pharmaceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Houtman

2010

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

192

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An increasing part of drinking water in Europe is prepared from surface water. At the same time, a growing number of emerging contaminants is being discovered in surface water. This review provides an overview of classes of emerging contaminants nowadays detected in the aquatic environment that are of relevance for drinking water production. These comprise e.g. endocrine disrupting compounds, such as hormones and compounds with hormone-like properties, pharmaceuticals, illicit and non-controlled drugs, sweeteners, personal care products, complexing agents, nanoparticles, perfluorinated compounds, flame retardants, pesticides, and fuel additives. The individual compounds are observed in concentrations that are generally considered too low to cause acute effects. Nevertheless, health effects due to long-term exposure to a mixture of low concentrations of all kinds of emerging contaminants cannot be excluded with current knowledge. Moreover, contamination of drinking water with man-made substances is considered unwanted in principle. The precautionary principle is used to motivate that prevention of emission of emerging contaminants into the environment is the preferred approach to safeguard sustainable drinking water production. In the mean time, extensive monitoring of the sources and development and application of advanced treatment techniques are used to prepare safe drinking water.

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Section: Pharmaceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Houtman

2010

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

192

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“…Batt et al [12] measured a total concentration of active pharmaceuticals up to 3,000 ng/L in New Mexico of which carbamazepine concentration was up to 800 ng/L. Carbamazepine and paracetamol were found at high concentrations, 300 ng/L and 11.3 mg/L respectively, in the Hérault area, France [108].…”

Section: Xenobiotics Removal By Conventional Water Treatment Processementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These effluents are discharged into surface and groundwaters where concentrations up to µg/L were measured for pharmaceuticals, anti-depressants and hormones [62,12]. Rabiet et al [108] showed that wells tapped for drinking water in the vicinity of WWTPs had concentrations of pharmaceuticals up to 300 ng/L compared to other wells with <50 ng/L upstream from the plant.…”

Section: Xenobiotics Removal By Conventional Water Treatment Processementioning

confidence: 99%

Xenobiotics Removal by Membrane Technology: An Overview

Semiao

Schäfer

2009

Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle

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Small molecular weight xenobiotics are compounds of extreme concern in potable water applications due to their adverse human health and environmental effects. However, conventional water treatment processes cannot fully and systematically remove them due to their low concentrations in natural waters and wastewaters. Biological limitation to degrade such compounds is another cause for inefficient removal.Physical barriers like membranes possessing pore sizes smaller than the compounds to be removed emerged as a good solution. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis proved to be quite effective for xenobiotics removal in potable water production in the Paris purification plant of Méry-sur-Oise. However, even these very narrow pore membrane processes may result in incomplete removal: xenobiotics retention is high but factors such as adsorption, size exclusion and charge repulsion affect unpredictably their retention. The water solutions complexity to be treated renders xenobiotics removal predictions even more difficult due to interactions between xenobiotics and compounds in water.Removal of xenobiotics by microfiltration and ultrafiltration is very low because adsorption on the membrane is the main retention mechanism. Combining those with other processes (e.g. activated carbon) can considerably improve xenobiotics removal.The least studied processes in xenobiotics removal are electrodialysis, membrane distillation and pervaporation. Electrodialysis removal of organic xenobiotics shows a breakthrough through the membrane possibly due to adsorption followed by diffusion. Membrane distillation presents high removal rates of xenobiotics due to the compounds low vapour pressure. For volatile organic xenobiotics or solutions of trace amounts both membrane distillation and pervaporation can be used, xenobiotics interaction with the membrane being the key factor.In this book chapter a thorough synopsis of current knowledge on xenobiotics removal is presented and balanced with recent fundamental studies of underlying mechanisms, informing both the practitioner regarding membrane capabilities for xenobiotics removal and the researcher with the current state-of-art.

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“…Ten years ago, about a dozen (or less) had been positively identified (though usually only in effluents, not rivers). Today, about 100 have been identified (Batt et al 2008;Kasprzyk-Hordern et al 2008), most of which were probably there 20 and more years ago. As about 3000 different pharmaceuticals are in everyday use, presumably many more await 'discovery' in effluents.…”

Section: What Do We Know About Exposure?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Protecting aquatic organisms from chemicals: the harsh realities

Sumpter

2009

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Tens of thousands of man-made chemicals are in everyday use in developed countries. A high proportion of these, or their transformation products, probably reach the aquatic environment. A considerable amount is known about the environmental concentrations of some of these chemicals (such as metals), especially the regulated ones, but little or nothing is known about the majority. In densely populated countries, most or all rivers will receive both diffuse (e.g. agricultural runoff) and point source (e.g. sewage treatment plant effluent) inputs, and hence be contaminated with complex, ill-defined mixtures of chemicals. Most freshwater organisms will be exposed, to varying degrees, to this contamination. The number of species exposed is in the thousands, and quite possibly tens of thousands. Little is known about whether or not these species are adversely affected by the chemicals present in their environment. Often it is not even known what species are present, let alone whether they are affected by the chemicals present. In a few high-profile cases (e.g. tributyl tin causing imposex in molluscs and oestrogens ‘feminizing’ male fish), chemicals have undoubtedly adversely affected aquatic species, occasionally leading to population crashes. Whether or not other chemicals are affecting less visible species (such as most invertebrates) is largely unknown. It is possible that only very few chemicals in the freshwater environment are adversely affecting wildlife, but it is equally possible that some effects of chemicals are, as yet, undiscovered (and may remain so). Nor it is clear which chemicals may pose the greatest risk to aquatic organisms. All these uncertainties leave much to chance, yet designing a regulatory system that would better protect aquatic organisms from chemicals is difficult. A more flexible and intelligent strategy may improve the current situation. Finally, the risk due to chemicals is put into context with the many other threats, such as alien species and new diseases that undoubtedly can pose significant risks to aquatic ecosystems.

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Analysis of Ecologically Relevant Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater and Surface Water Using Selective Solid-Phase Extraction and UPLC−MS/MS

Cited by 230 publications

References 27 publications

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Xenobiotics Removal by Membrane Technology: An Overview

Protecting aquatic organisms from chemicals: the harsh realities

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