Analysis of driver response to collision warning during car following

Effectiveness of Flashing Brake and Hazard Systems in Avoiding Rear-End Crashes

“…However, the frequency of the very good feedback for the flashing hazard system was lower than that for the flashing brake system. As per ECE R48 [35], all the stop lamps in vehicles must be red. In the US turn signal lamps can be either red or amber [17], though amber is the superior color according to a study conducted by Mortimer and Sturgis [43].…”

“…Both systems satisfy the legal requirements in regulations and standards in ECE R48 [35]. For the flashing brake system, both the stop lamps and CHMSL were illuminated when lead vehicle started to decelerate.…”

Hazard Warning Systems to Improve Young Distracted Drivers’ Hazard Perception Skills

“…However, novice drivers were reported to be engaged in texting while driving more frequently and longer than experienced older drivers. For example, [11] reported that 61 percent of young adult drivers (ages [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], as compared to 36 percent for all drivers, texted while driving. Forty-five percent of high school students (aged ≥ 16) [12], 90 percent of 4967 of young drivers (aged averaged at 21.8) [13], and 74.3 percent of college students [7] have been reported to be engaged in texting while driving.…”

“…Prior research studies investigated the effects of HWSs on driving performance in terms of break reaction time (BRT), lane-deviation (LD), and maximum deceleration (MD), but none examined the effects on hazard perception skills as measured by hazard reaction time (HRT) and horizontal scanning (HS), although it is paramount to investigate the effects on novice drivers' hazard perception skills because research showed that novices as compared to experienced older drivers do not have sufficient hazard perception skills. Specifically, novices are less sensitive to potential hazards [15,18,19], detect hazards less quickly and less efficiently [20], are slower to respond to potential hazards [21], have narrower horizontal visual scanning [22], which causes them to scan a restricted area close to the front of their vehicle, [23] fixate on fewer and more stationary objects, fixate for longer periods of time inside the vehicle, and are less likely to glance at those areas of the driving scene that are defined as potentially hazardous [14]. In addition, one of the most critical skills related to accident avoidance by a novice is hazard perception [24] described as detection, recognition, and reaction to potentially dangerous events on the road.…”

“…These driving simulators provides a realistic reproduction of driving environments so that the behavior of drivers immersed in such systems is representative of what can be expected on the road [10]. Moreover, they can record much more complex behavioral responses, including preparatory behaviors (slowing in anticipation of a hazard, changing lane position to avoid a potential hazard), emergency maneuvers to avoid the actual hazard [22], and drivers' eye fixations and scanning. However, these industrialized driving simulators may not be feasible or affordable to be used to test and train a large number of novice driver population.…”