Analysis of Driver Kinematics and Lower Thoracic Spine Injury in World Endurance Championship Race Cars during Frontal Impacts

Assessment of the protective performance of neck braces for motorcycle riders: a finite-element study

“…The head-brain of THUMS has been validated for translational and rotational loadings and its head-neck complex has been also validated for direct impacts on the head at forehead, maxilla, and middle nasal concha and induced accelerations at T1 [37,38]. Moreover, in a recent study, Katsuhara et al showed that the stress level of spinal vertebrae of THUMS is correlated to the risk of vertebrae fracture [39]. Other body parts of THUMS and the whole body have been validated as well and more details about validations are available in [37].…”

Failure tolerance of the human lumbar spine in dynamic combined compression and flexion loading

“…Although this posture may enable more comfort and convenience, prior computational human body modelling studies have suggested that the lumbar spine in this posture may experience higher combined axial compression and flexion than typically experienced by motor vehicle occupants in frontal crashes in the standard upright posture, resulting in the potential for lumbar spine injuries 2,4,8,9,11,12,14,22,28 . Lumbar spine fractures also have reportedly demonstrated an increasing frequency in crash field data 5,15,20,33,26 , with the majority occurring in frontal crashes 20,26 .…”