Analysis of Cytokines in Presumed Acute Infectious Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Extraction

Escarião, Paulo

doi:10.4172/2155-9570.1000335

Cited by 5 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…In the present study, a multiplex analysis of vitreal cytokines in patients with CP and CN endophthalmitis was able to identify cytokine profiles associated with the disease, as well as visual function. While the expression of cytokines in patients with endophthalmitis in our study were mostly consistent with the previous reports [ 5 , 8 , 12 ], Sauer et al [ 5 ]. also reported an increase in VEGF levels which was not seen on our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Elevated cytokine levels in vitreous as biomarkers of disease severity in infectious endophthalmitis

et al. 2018

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PurposeTo investigate the immunopathogenesis of endophthalmitis, and determine if cytokine profiles could serve as biomarkers of disease severity in infectious endophthalmitis.Materials and methodsVitreous samples of 46 patients clinically diagnosed as endophthalmitis (of which 25 were culture positive) and 20 non-infectious controls from patients with Retinal Detachment (RD) or diabetic retinopathy were included in the study. The cytokine and chemokine expression patterns of 40 immune mediators including 6 antiinflammatory cytokines, 15 proinflammatory cytokines, 9 Growth factors and 10 proinflammatory chemokines in the vitreous were were analyzed by multiplex cytokine immunoassay. In addition, significant immune mediators were correlated with initial and final visual acuity (VA).ResultsOur results demonstrated elevated expression of 16 mediators such as GCSF, GRO, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1 RA, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-3, MIP-1α, IL-1β, TGF-α, TNF-α in patients with culture positive endophthalmitis. Cytokine profile expression significantly differed between patients with proven endophthalmitis and the non-infectious controls in heat map analysis. PCoA plot indicated five mediators (IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, GRO, G-CSF) as biomarkers that could be Independent Predictors of Disease especially in culture negative cases. Correlation of cytokines with VA revealed strong association between the initial VA and intraocular levels of TGF-α, IL-1β and IL-8 but there was no correlation with the severity or visual outcome of infection.ConclusionIn comparison to non-infectious ocular conditions, the pathogenesis of infectious endophthalmitis correlates with increased expression levels of IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-8, GRO, G-CSF. Understanding cytokine profiles in culture negative endophthalmitis patients could aid in therapy in non-responders to empirical antibiotic therapy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…also reported an increase in VEGF levels which was not seen on our study. Also we did not observe an increase in PDGF-BB, RANTES and IL17 as reported by Escarião et al [ 12 ]. While our control samples include DR and RD subjects and it is possible that the overall cytokines/chemokines in controls was lower than DR conditions alone.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Elevated cytokine levels in vitreous as biomarkers of disease severity in infectious endophthalmitis

et al. 2018

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“…We also observed that SLPs of B. thuringiensis induced NF-κB-DNA binding in human retinal Muller cells and stimulated the production of proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNFα, CCL2, and CXCL-1). All of these mediators have been reported to be present in mouse1,33,34,74,75,83 and human eyes105 with endophthalmitis. These findings imply that SLPs are immune modulators that may interact with innate immune pathways, and may do so in the eye via Muller cells during endophthalmitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

S-layer Impacts the Virulence ofBacillusin Endophthalmitis

Mursalin

Coburn

Livingston

et al. 2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose Bacillus causes a sight-threating infection of the posterior segment of the eye. The robust intraocular inflammatory response in this disease is likely activated via host innate receptor interactions with components of the Bacillus cell envelope. S-layer proteins (SLPs) of some Gram-positive pathogens contribute to the pathogenesis of certain infections. The potential contributions of SLPs in eye infection pathogenesis have not been considered. Here, we explored the role of a Bacillus SLP (SlpA) in endophthalmitis pathogenesis. Methods The phenotypes and infectivity of wild-type (WT) and S-layer deficient (Δ slpA ) Bacillus thuringiensis were compared. Experimental endophthalmitis was induced in C57BL/6J mice by intravitreally injecting 100-CFU WT or Δ slpA B. thuringiensis . Infected eyes were analyzed by bacterial counts, retinal function analysis, histology, and inflammatory cell influx. SLP-induced inflammation was also analyzed in vitro. Muller cells (MIO-M1) were treated with purified SLP. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) DNA binding was measured by ELISA and expression of proinflammatory mediators from Muller cells was measured by RT-qPCR. Results Tested phenotypes of WT and Δ slpA B. thuringiensis were similar, with the exception of absence of the S-layer in the Δ slpA mutant. Intraocular growth of WT and Δ slpA B. thuringiensis was also similar. However, eyes infected with the Δ slpA mutant had significantly reduced inflammatory cell influx, less inflammatory damage to the eyes, and significant retention of retinal function compared with WT-infected eyes. SLP was also a potent stimulator of the NF-κB pathway and induced the expression of proinflammatory mediators (IL6, TNFα, CCL2, and CXCL-1) in human retinal Muller cells. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that SlpA contributes to the pathogenesis of Bacillus endophthalmitis, potentially by triggering innate inflammatory pathways in the retina.

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“…Six studies quantified cytokine expression in human endophthalmitis populations (Table 2 ). All were prospective studies conducted in different countries, namely Brazil [ 18 ], China [ 19 ], Canada [ 20 ], France [ 21 ], India [ 22 ], and Japan [ 23 ]. Unsurprisingly, considering the low incidence of endophthalmitis, sample sizes were small, ranging from 16 to 49 samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expression of these major cytokines in endophthalmitis is an active area of research across rat, rabbit, and mouse models [ 4 , 17 ]. Only a handful of studies have profiled cytokine levels in human endophthalmitis populations [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine Expression in Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Endophthalmitis

2022

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Background: Endophthalmitis is an infection of ocular tissues, often with devastating outcomes for vision. Immunomodulation is an emerging avenue for therapeutic intervention in endophthalmitis, with the expression of cytokines central to potential mechanisms. This literature review with a systematic approach characterizes the cytokine expression in both animal and human staphylococcal and streptococcal endophthalmitis. Method and Results: Four online databases were searched for studies profiling cytokine levels in animal models or human populations with staphylococcal and/or streptococcal endophthalmitis. Of the 1,060 articles identified, 14 studies were included in this review comprising eight animal models and six human populations. Mouse, rat, and rabbit models of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae endophthalmitis had elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-8, with earlier peaks observed in S. epidermidis infection. Human endophthalmitis demonstrated significantly increased mediator levels compared to controls for a range of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Several associations were established between cytokine concentrations and both initial visual acuity and visual prognosis, with no consistent correlations across trials. Conclusions: It may be that virulence factors and the combinations of toll-like receptors activated influence the pathogen-specific visual outcomes observed in endophthalmitis. Furthermore, disease severity and potential therapeutic targets may be dependent on synergistic and compensatory cytokine pathways and the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators. Future research should aim to better characterize the roles of inflammatory mediators and solidify associations between pathogens, inflammation, and endophthalmitis outcomes. This has exciting implications for the prevention and treatment of endophthalmitis in clinical settings.

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Analysis of Cytokines in Presumed Acute Infectious Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Extraction

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the involvement of cytokines in acute infectious endophthalmitis following cataract extraction surgery. Methods: Vitreous humor samples were collected from 18 patients. The multiplex technique was used to

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Elevated cytokine levels in vitreous as biomarkers of disease severity in infectious endophthalmitis

Elevated cytokine levels in vitreous as biomarkers of disease severity in infectious endophthalmitis

S-layer Impacts the Virulence ofBacillusin Endophthalmitis

Cytokine Expression in Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Endophthalmitis

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