Analysis of crops and soils for residues of diethyl 1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐2‐chlorovinyl phosphate. i.—development of method

Beynon, K. I.; Davies, L.; Elgar, K. E.; Stoydin, G.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740170404

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…At harvest the numbers of healthy plants were recorded and samples were analysed for insecticide residues. For harvested onions the analytical technique described by Beynon et al (1966) was modified to include improved flame-photometry detection methods.…”

Section: Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical control of onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meig.)

Emmett¹,

Savage

1980

Plant Pathology

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SUMMARY In eight field plot trials in Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire in 1977–79, insecticidal seed treatments and granules were tested against onion fly larvae. Carbophenothion, chlorfenvinphos, dieldrin, fonofos, iodo‐fenphos, permethrin and pirimiphos‐ethyl were tested as seed treatments in soil. Chlorpyrifos, dieldrin and pirimiphos‐ethyl were tested as seed treatments in peat blocks. Chlorfenvinphos and pirimiphosethyl were also tested as granules incorporated in soil and in peat blocks. Pirimiphos‐ethyl at 5 or 10 g a.i.†/kg seed and chlorfenvinphos, carbophenothion or fonofos each at 10 g a.i./kg seed gave good control of onion fly: all seed had been treated in the laboratory. Chlorpyrifos and pirimiphos‐ethyl seed treatments at 10 g a.i./kg seed were effective but severely phytotoxic to plants grown in peat blocks. Iodofenphos at 5 or 10 g a.i./kg seed was unsatisfactory when the seed was treated in the laboratory, but commercial treatment of seed gave adequate protection from attack. Permethrin at 2.5 g a.i./kg seed gave poor control and dieldrin at 30 g a.i./kg seed provided good control only where flies were not resistant. Granules of pirimiphos‐ethyl at 1.1 kg a.i./ha or chlorfenvinphos at 2.3 kg a.i./ha generally gave satisfactory control when incorporated in the top 2 cm soil at sowing, but the chlorfenvinphos treatment reduced seedling emergence. Chlorfenvinphos granules incorporated in peat blocks at 22.0 mg a.i./peat block (0.45 g a.i./kg peat) and pirimiphos‐ethyl granules at 2.5 mg a.i./peat block (0.05 g a.i./kg peat) gave only moderate control of onion fly attack, but pirimiphos‐ethyl granules at 5.0 or 10.0 mg a.i./peat block (0.1 or 0.2 g a.i./kg peat) were effective without apparent phytotoxicity. None of the seed treatments or granules entirely prevented egg laying by onion fly females. Following seed treatment, residues of chlorpyrifos, fonofos, iodofenphos and pirimiphos‐ethyl in harvested onions were <0.3 mg/kg.

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Section: Assessmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical control of onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meig.)

Emmett¹,

Savage

1980

Plant Pathology

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“…However, D appears in Equation (4) as an expression of the initial coverage of the soil surface by the formulation. Provided disintegration does not alter the effective cross-sectional area originally covered by the individual granules, breakdown of the granules will not have any very appreciable effect on the overall relationship expressed by Equation (4).…”

Section: Theory Of Granule Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physico‐chemical aspects of the availability of pesticides in the soil. I.—Leaching of Pesticides from Granular Formulations

1966

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The way in which a pesticide is leached from a granular formulation differs from the way in which it is leached from a spray or dust formulation. This difference arises because granular applications do not provide the uniformity of coverage of the soil surface attainable with applications of finely divided sprays and dusts. This means that, besides the climatic factors such as temperature and quantity and intensity of rainfall that affect leaching, with granular formulations the distribution of granules over the soil is equally important. Thus the quantity of pesticide applied, the granule size, the pesticide content of the granules and their density may all affect the rate at which a pesticide is leached from the formulation. The inter-relation between these factors has been considered theoretically and the theoretical conclusions have been tested using granules prepared by agglomeration and containing the herbicide 'Prefix' (2,6-dichlorothiobenzamide).The effect of solubility of the pesticide in water has been studied using various pesticides having a range of water solubilities. As expected, the results show that the rate at which the pesticide is leached depends upon its solubility, but that the extent to which the granules break down under the influence of water can also be important. IntroductionAt the present time ever increasing numbers of pesticides are being applied to the soil. These pesticides, which may be classed broadly as herbicides, contact insecticides, systemic insecticides, fungicides and soil sterilants, are often molecules of considerable chemical complexity, and are designed to be of as great a specificity as possible to a particular pest or plant material. In order to assist this design the physical and chemical factors which affect their availability to soilinhabiting organisms must be understood. During recent years it has become increasingly obvious that the mechanisms by which these compounds are transported, stored or decomposed in the soil are not fully known, but that such a knowledge would contribute towards their more efficient and economic use, and would also indicate ways in which deleterious side effects might be anticipated and possibly prevented.The availability of a pesticide at its site of action in the soil will be influenced and, to a certain extent, may be controlled by the formulation in which it is applied. This aspect of control has been rather neglected in the past, a particular formulation being chosen largely on the grounds of convenience, but it is a factor which should be amenable to control by careful design.Where the pesticide is applied to the soil in a finely divided form, as a spray or dust, it will enter the soil very rapidly. In such a form it is difficult to prevent the pesticide coming into intimate contact with the soil particles more or less immediately after application. By comparison, granular formulations consist of relatively large particles and it is possible to hold the pesticide within the granules and slow down the rate at which it leaves the f...

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“…Chlorfenvinphos [2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyl diethyl phosphate] has been shown to be an effective soil insecticide against cabbage and carrot root fly.1 It has also shown promise as a foliar insecticide and in the veterinary field. Chlorfenvinphos can exist as the (E) or (2) isomer. The technical material contains approximately 90% of the (2) isomer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorfenvinphos can exist as the (E) or (2) isomer. The technical material contains approximately 90% of the (2) isomer. Methods of analysis for residues of chlorfenvinphos in soils and crops have been developed by Beynon et a1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methods of analysis for residues of chlorfenvinphos in soils and crops have been developed by Beynon et a1. 2 and these workers3 also studied the persistence of chlorfenvinphos according to soil type, formulation and dosage level. Using radio-labelled compounds, Beynon and Wright4 have also studied the degradation of 14C-chlorfenvinphos in soils and in crops grown in these soils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Persistence of chlorfenvinphos in soils

Williams¹

1975

Pestic. Sci.

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The persistence and behaviour of chlorfenvinphos, an organophosphorus insecticide, was studied on different soils. On a peaty soil the insecticide was only very slowly degraded, there being 70% of the applied dose remaining after 21 weeks and 30% after nearly 12 months. On the sandy soils, however, persistence was much shorter; between 3 and 15% of the applied dose remained after a period of 15 weeks. Rates of loss appear to be related to soil moisture conditions; in dry seasons, although the initial rate of loss was high, subsequent rate of breakdown was slower than in wetter seasons. The results are discussed relative to the efficiency of the insecticide for controlling brassica root fly.

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Analysis of crops and soils for residues of diethyl 1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐2‐chlorovinyl phosphate. i.—development of method

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Chemical control of onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meig.)

Chemical control of onion fly, Delia antiqua (Meig.)

Physico‐chemical aspects of the availability of pesticides in the soil. I.—Leaching of Pesticides from Granular Formulations

Persistence of chlorfenvinphos in soils

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