Analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum Promoters and Their Applications

Abstract

Promoters are DNA sequences which function as regulatory signals of transcription initiation catalyzed by RNA polymerase. Since promoters substantially influence levels of gene expression, they have become powerful tools in metabolic engineering. Methods for their localization used in Corynebacterium glutamicum and techniques for the analysis of their function are described in this review. C. glutamicum promoters can be classified according to the respective σ factors which direct RNA polymerase to these structures. C. glutamicum promoters are recognized by holo-RNA polymerase formed by subunits α(2)ββ'ω + σ. C. glutamicum codes for seven different sigma factors: the principal sigma factor σ(A) and alternative sigma factors σ(B), σ(C), σ(D), σ(E), σ(H) and σ(M), which recognize various classes of promoters. The promoters of housekeeping genes recognized by σ(A), which are active during the exponential growth, form the largest described group. These promoters and their mutant derivatives are the most frequently used elements in modulation of gene expression in C. glutamicum. Promoters recognized by alternative sigma factors and their consensus sequences are gradually emerging.

The Lysine 299 Residue Endows the Multisubunit Mrp1 Antiporter with Dominant Roles in Na + Resistance and pH Homeostasis in Corynebacterium glutamicum

“…Given the importance of Mrp-type antiporters in efficient Na ϩ resistance, we attempted to improve the salt tolerance of a C. glutamicum strain by altering its gene expression. The native promoter of either the mrp1 or mrp2 gene was exchanged by C. glutamicum promoters with different strengths, including a strong promoter of the sod gene (encoding superoxide dismutase) and a relatively weak promoter of the ilvA gene (encoding threonine dehydratase) (36). As shown in Fig.…”

Advances and Perspectives for Genome Editing Tools of Corynebacterium glutamicum

“…Unusual cell wall together with deficient homologous recombination (HR) (for DNA repair) of C. glutamicum results in extremely low efficiency in shuttle plasmid transformation and subsequent gene editing (Nesvera and Patek, 2011;Ruan et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2020). In the post-genomic era of C. glutamicum (Kalinowski et al, 2003;Lv et al, 2011Lv et al, , 2012, genomics and transcriptomics have promoted the mining and characterization of synthetic biological elements (such as promoters, replicons, and selectable markers) to a certain extent (Tauch et al, 2003;Nesvera et al, 2012;Patek et al, 2013;Rytter et al, 2014;Shang et al, 2018). More and more genetic manipulation tools have been applied in C. glutamicum (Nesvera and Patek, 2011;Suzuki and Inui, 2013), including type strain ATCC 13032 and no-model industrial strains such as Brevibacterium flavum and Corynebacterium crenatum (Xu et al, 2010;Shu et al, 2018).…”