Analysis of Correlation and Coupling between El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Dust Storms in Iraq from 1971 to 2016

Abstract

This study's main objective is to examine the impact of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on dust storms in Iraq and trying to find a reasonable synoptic explanation of this relationship. In order to achieve our goal, various data collections related to dust storm days from eight stations in Iraq and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation data over the period 1971–2016 were analyzed. The results showed a negative relationship between dust storms and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. This correlation means high dust storms are associated with La Niña, while the low dust storms occur during the El Niño event. The coupling between the tropical pacific sector and dust storms in Iraq is perhaps related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation variations and how they can contribute to the change of the main pressure system values that mainly participate in triggering dust storms and their intensity. The subtropical high-pressure and the Indian monsoon low-pressure systems have been recognized as the responsible pressure systems for dust storms formation.

Classification of Aerosols Types Over Iraq, using MODIS Date

“…Dust aerosols disrupted the solar energy balance and caused the planetary boundary layer (PBL) to become more stable. A decrease of 15% in PBL height leads to a weakened dispersion of locally generated pollutants and increased pollution by 10% [14]. Maritime aerosols contribute decreased to (16%).…”

“…During the summer, the Indian monsoon-low pressure system contributes around 50.4% of the dust storm over Iraq, while the Sudanese thermal low system contributes 24.8%. 7.3% of aerosols come from the Siberian high pressure, and 5.1% from the Mediterranean cyclone [14]. The current study aimed to figure out and categorize aerosols over Iraq using MODES data from (2003 -2021).…”