Analysis of Consultation Demand in a Mental Health Centre during the Recent Economic Recession

Norberto, M. J.; Rodríguez-Santos, Laura; Cáceres, Macarena C.; Montanero-Fernández, Jesús

doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09770-1

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Consistent with past work [25,26] on the link between economic recession and mental health, the worsening of the economic impact of COVID-19 on individuals was associated with increases in depression and anxiety scores in the current study. Following the 2008 Great Recession, a large body of research was conducted to investigate the proximal and long-term emotional ramifications of economic hardship.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…One investigation into suicide rates in Iceland following the 2008 recession did not find a significant uptick in suicides, a result that the authors attribute in part to "a strong welfare system and investing in social protection" [30]. Lower-income and financial insecurity were also associated with increased depression [24], and psychiatric hospitals reported an increase in outpatient counts among previously healthy individuals, as well as among those with anxiety, mood, and adjustment disorders [26]. In the context of COVID-19, complaints of increased self-reported depression and anxiety at the beginning of the pandemic were found to be associated with a lower societal appreciation for one's occupation and the sudden onset of economic hardship [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emotional adaptation during a crisis: decline in anxiety and depression after the initial weeks of COVID-19 in the United States

et al. 2021

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Crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic are known to exacerbate depression and anxiety, though their temporal trajectories remain under-investigated. The present study aims to investigate fluctuations in depression and anxiety using the COVID-19 pandemic as a model crisis. A total of 1512 adults living in the United States enrolled in this online study beginning April 2, 2020 and were assessed weekly for 10 weeks (until June 4, 2020). We measured depression and anxiety using the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (state subscale), respectively, along with demographic and COVID-related surveys. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine factors contributing to longitudinal changes in depression and anxiety. We found that depression and anxiety levels were high in early April, but declined over time. Being female, younger age, lower-income, and previous psychiatric diagnosis correlated with higher overall levels of anxiety and depression; being married additionally correlated with lower overall levels of depression, but not anxiety. Importantly, worsening of COVID-related economic impact and increase in projected pandemic duration exacerbated both depression and anxiety over time. Finally, increasing levels of informedness correlated with decreasing levels of depression, while increased COVID-19 severity (i.e., 7-day change in cases) and social media use were positively associated with anxiety over time. These findings not only provide evidence for overall emotional adaptation during the initial weeks of the pandemic, but also provide insight into overlapping, yet distinct, factors contributing to depression and anxiety throughout the first wave of the pandemic.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional adaptation during a crisis: decline in anxiety and depression after the initial weeks of COVID-19 in the United States

et al. 2021

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“…Studies found that during times of economic recession, both job insecurity and unemployment were associated with increased anxiety [ 16 , 32 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. Income reduction and financial distress were not found to be consistently related to anxiety.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Economic Recessions on Depression, Anxiety, and Trauma-Related Disorders and Illness Outcomes—A Scoping Review

Guerra

Eboreime

2021

Behavioral Sciences

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In the wake of a global economic recession secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic, this scoping review seeks to summarize the current quantitative research on the impact of economic recessions on depression, anxiety, traumatic disorders, self-harm, and suicide. Seven research databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science: Core Collection, National Library of Medicine PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar) were searched for keywords returning 3412 preliminary results published since 2008 in Organisation for Economic Coordination and Development (OECD)nations. These were screened by both authors for inclusion/exclusion criteria resulting in 127 included articles. Articles included were quantitative studies in OECD countries assessing select mental disorders (depression, anxiety, and trauma-/stress-related disorders) and illness outcomes (self-harm and suicide) during periods of economic recession. Articles were limited to publication from 2008 to 2020, available online in English, and utilizing outcome measures specific to the disorders and outcomes specified above. A significant relationship was found between periods of economic recession and increased depressive symptoms, self-harming behaviour, and suicide during and following periods of recession. Results suggest that existing models for mental health support and strategies for suicide prevention may be less effective than they are in non-recession times. It may be prudent to focus public education and medical treatments on raising awareness and access to supports for populations at higher risk, including those vulnerable to the impacts of job or income loss due to low socioeconomic status preceding the recession or high levels of financial strain, those supporting others financially, approaching retirement, and those in countries with limited social safety nets. Policy makers should be aware of the potential protective nature of unemployment safeguards and labour program investment in mitigating these negative impacts. Limited or inconclusive data were found on the relationship with traumatic disorders and symptoms of anxiety. In addition, research has focused primarily on the working-age adult population with limited data available on children, adolescents, and older adults, leaving room for further research in these areas.

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“…One investigation into suicide rates in Iceland following the 2008 recession did not find a significant uptick in suicides, a result that the authors attribute in part to “a strong welfare system and investing in social protection” [22]. Income and financial insecurity were also associated with increased depression [20], and psychiatric hospitals reported an increase in outpatient counts among previously healthy individuals, as well as those with anxiety, mood, and adjustment disorders [23]. In the context of COVID-19, complaints of increased self-reported depression and anxiety at the beginning of the pandemic were found to be associated with lower societal appreciation for one’s occupation and the sudden onset of economic hardship [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional Adaptation During A Crisis: Decline in Anxiety and Depression After the Initial Weeks of COVID-19 in the United States

Shuster

O’Brien

Luo

et al. 2020

Preprint

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ObjectiveCrises such as the COVID-19 pandemic are known to exacerbate depression and anxiety, though their temporal trajectories remain unclear. The present study aims to investigate fluctuations in depression and anxiety using COVID-19 as a model crisis.Methods1,512 adults living in the U.S. enrolled in this online study on April 2nd, 2020 and were assessed weekly for 10 weeks (until June 4th, 2020; final n=537). Depression and anxiety were measured using the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (state subscale), respectively, along with demographic and COVID-related questions. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to examine factors contributing to longitudinal changes in depression and anxiety.ResultsDepression and anxiety levels were high in early April, but declined over time (F(9,4824)=17.53, p<.001 and F(9,4824)=23.35, p<.001, respectively). In addition to demographic factors such as sex, age, income, and psychiatric diagnoses, we identified some overlapping and some distinct dynamic factors contributing to changes in depression and anxiety: worsening of weekly individual economic impact of COVID-19 increased both depression and anxiety, while increased seven-day change in COVID-19 cases, social media use, and projected pandemic duration were positively associated with anxiety, but not depression.ConclusionsAlongside evidence for overall emotional adaptation, these findings highlight overlapping (economic), yet distinct (change in COVID-19 cases, social media use, and projected COVID-19 duration) factors contributing to fluctuations in depression and anxiety throughout the first wave of COVID-19. These results provide insight into socioeconomic policies and behavioral changes that can increase emotional adaptation in times of crisis.

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Analysis of Consultation Demand in a Mental Health Centre during the Recent Economic Recession

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Emotional adaptation during a crisis: decline in anxiety and depression after the initial weeks of COVID-19 in the United States

Emotional adaptation during a crisis: decline in anxiety and depression after the initial weeks of COVID-19 in the United States

The Impact of Economic Recessions on Depression, Anxiety, and Trauma-Related Disorders and Illness Outcomes—A Scoping Review

Emotional Adaptation During A Crisis: Decline in Anxiety and Depression After the Initial Weeks of COVID-19 in the United States

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