Analysis of Combined Experiments<sup>1</sup>

Mediterranean environments are of most interest to study pea adaptability to terminal drought conditions especially in the current context of global climate change. In our work we have tested 9 pea cultivars in five South European and North African locations, characterized by different agro climatic conditions within the Mediterranean climate. Data were processed through the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis. Grain yield, aboveground biomass and flowering date were assessed within each Mega Environment (ME) with parametric and non-parametric methods, establishing ranks for the genotypes within each condition attending to their stability parameters and mean values. The field analysis revealed HR1 as a wide adapted genotype, whereas others such as Desso showed the best adaptation in South Mediterranean areas. Our results also highlighted the potential interest of these genotypes and others (i.e. Messire and ZP108) in breeding programs and further studies on drought tolerance.Additional Keywords: dry pea, phenology, Genotype × Environment interaction, drought tolerance Pea behaviour in Mediterranean field environments 5 IntroductionDry pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the most widely grown temperate grain legume in Europe and the second-most in the world (FAOSTAT 2013), being a versatile and inexpensive protein source for animal feeding with a widely acknowledged beneficial role in cropping systems (Drinkwater et al., 1998; Badgley et al., 2006;Nemecek et al. 2008). In spite of these advantages, dry pea acreage shows a constantly decreasing trend at a world level from 10.3 million ha in 1962 to 6.3 ha in 2012 (Rubiales and Mikic 2015).Yield variability and instability are the major problems for pea both within and between sites and seasons due to a poor adaptability and a low tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress (Moot et al. 1995;Jacobsen et al. 2012). Significant efforts have been made in pea breeding for adaptability to continental and oceanic conditions (Cousin 1997). In contrast, little efforts have been paid to improve adaptability to Mediterranean environments with mild winters and dry springs, where spring pea types are autumn sown and challenged by different stresses (Rubiales et al. 2009). As a result, pea cultivation is particularly low in the Mediterranean Basin and recently released pea cultivars are poorly adapted to Mediterranean environments (Rubiales 2015). This is somehow surprising as the East Mediterranean and the West Asia are the primary centre of diversity for pea, where wild forms, such as P. fulvum Sm. and P. sativum subsp. elatius (M. Bieb.) Asch. and Graebn can still be found growing today (Rubiales et al. 2011; and where pea once played a very important role in human diets, as witnessed by the first attested ancient DNA extraction from any legume species Medović et al. 2011).In field conditions, the development of pea genotypes producing high and stable seed yield is most decisive (Cousin, 1997;Rubiales et al. 2011;Smýkal et al. 2012), albeit high...

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“…F-ratios were used to test effects for randomized complete block experimental design (McIntosh 1983). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain yield, aerial biomass and flowering date stability in Mediterranean environments

Iglesias-García

Prats

Flores³

et al. 2017

Crop Pasture Sci.

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“…Analysis of variance was performed on data of each year. Combined analysis, with years considered fixed, was conducted as described by McIntosh (12). An overall LSD (compares between treatments at each sampling time and within treatments among sampling times) was calculated from error B in the split plot design and was included on each figure to give a general indication oftreatment difference.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Pod Removal on Metabolism and Senescence of Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybean Isolines

Crafts‐Brandner¹,

Below²,

Harper³

et al. 1984

Plant Physiol.

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“…All annual bluegrass control data were subjected to statistical analysis using R software (version 3.2.3). Expected means squares of McIntosh (1983) determined that data could be combined over years prior to being subjected to analysis of variance using the 'ExpDes' package in R. Means were separated using Fisher's least significant difference test at α = 0.05 when appropriate. All data and analysis files are available at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.2066319.v5.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation and Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) with Resistance to Prodiamine and Glyphosate

Breeden¹,

Brosnan²,

Mueller³

et al. 2017

Weed Technol

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Poor annual bluegrass control was reported in golf course roughs following treatment with prodiamine (1120 g ai ha −1 ) and glyphosate (840 g ae ha −1 ) during hybrid bermudagrass dormancy. Research was conducted to determine if this annual bluegrass phenotype was resistant to both prodiamine and glyphosate and to determine the efficacy of herbicide mixtures for controlling this phenotype in the field. In PRE or POST dose-response experiments, 9 to 31 times more prodiamine or glyphosate was needed to control (or reduce dry biomass of) this resistant phenotype by 50% compared to an herbicide-susceptible phenotype. Moreover, glyphosate-susceptible plants accumulated 50% more shikimic acid (898 mg kg −1 ) 6 d after treatment than those resistant to glyphosate (394 mg kg −1 ). October (fall) applications of herbicide mixtures containing trifloxysulfuron, simazine, S-metolachlor, or mesotrione controlled this resistant annual bluegrass phenotype 84 to 98% in April (spring), with no differences detected among treatments. Our findings document the second instance of annual bluegrass evolving multiple resistance in a managed turfgrass system. However, several herbicide mixtures can be used to effectively manage this resistant phenotype. Nomenclature: glyphosate; mesotrione; prodiamine; simazine; S-metolachlor; trifloxysulfuron; annual bluegrass, Poa annua L.; hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy. Key words: Turf, turfgrass, golf course, mitotic-inhibiting herbicide, EPSPS.Control limitado de Poa annua fue reportado en "roughs" de campos de golf después de tratamientos con prodiamine (1120 g ai ha −1 ) y glyphosate (840 g ae ha −1 ) durante el período de dormancia del césped bermuda híbrido. Se realizó una investigación para determinar si este fenotipo de P. annua era resistente a prodiamine y glyphosate y para determinar la eficacia de mezclas de herbicidas para controlar este fenotipo en el campo. En experimentos de respuesta a dosis con herbicidas PRE o POST, se necesitó de 9 a 31 veces más prodiamine o glyphosate para controlar (o reducir la biomasa seca) de este fenotipo resistente en 50% en comparación a un fenotipo susceptible a estos herbicidas. Además, plantas susceptibles a glyphosate acumularon 50% más ácido shikimic (898 mg kg −1 ) 6 d después del tratamiento que plantas resistentes a glyphosate (394 mg kg −1 ). Aplicaciones en Octubre (otoño) de mezclas de herbicidas que contenían trifloxysulfuron, simazine, S-metolachlor, o mesotrione controlaron este fenotipo resistente de P. annua 84 a 98% en Abril (primavera), sin detectarse diferencias entre estos tratamientos. Nuestros resultados documentan la segunda instancia de P. annua que evoluciona resistencia múltiple en un sistema manejado de céspedes. Sin embargo, varias mezclas de herbicidas pueden ser usadas para manejar efectivamente este fenotipo resistente.

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Analysis of Combined Experiments¹

Cited by 858 publications

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Assessment of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain yield, aerial biomass and flowering date stability in Mediterranean environments

Assessment of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain yield, aerial biomass and flowering date stability in Mediterranean environments

Effects of Pod Removal on Metabolism and Senescence of Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybean Isolines

Confirmation and Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) with Resistance to Prodiamine and Glyphosate

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Analysis of Combined Experiments1

Cited by 858 publications

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Assessment of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain yield, aerial biomass and flowering date stability in Mediterranean environments

Assessment of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) grain yield, aerial biomass and flowering date stability in Mediterranean environments

Effects of Pod Removal on Metabolism and Senescence of Nodulating and Nonnodulating Soybean Isolines

Confirmation and Control of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) with Resistance to Prodiamine and Glyphosate

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Analysis of Combined Experiments¹