Analysis of cold start processes in proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks

Luo, Yueqi; Guo, Qian; Du, Qing; Yin, Yan; Jiao, Kui

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.09.089

Cited by 83 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Ko et al [91] developed a three-dimensional multiphase transient model to investigate key physical and transport phenomena during the cold start of a PEMFC. Recently, Luo et al [92] developed a three-dimensional multiphase PEMFC stack model for automotive applications. The analysis in their study showed that the cold start performance could be better with more cells in a cell stack.…”

Section: One-dimensional Multi-dimensional Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Cold Start of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

et al. 2014

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Successful and rapid startup of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) at subfreezing temperatures (also called cold start) is of great importance for their commercialization in automotive and portable devices. In order to maintain good proton conductivity, the water content in the membrane must be kept at a certain level to ensure that the membrane remains fully hydrated. However, the water in the pores of the catalyst layer (CL), gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the membrane may freeze once the cell temperature decreases below the freezing point (T f ). Thus, methods which could enable the fuel cell startup without or with slight performance degradation at subfreezing temperature need to be studied. This paper presents an extensive review on cold start of PEMFCs, including the state and phase changes of water in PEMFCs, impacts of water freezing on PEMFCs, numerical and experimental studies on PEMFCs, and cold start strategies. The impacts on each component of the fuel cell are discussed in detail. Related numerical and experimental work is also discussed. It should be mentioned that the cold start strategies, especially the enumerated patents, are of great reference value on the practical cold start process. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2014, 7 3180

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Section: One-dimensional Multi-dimensional Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Cold Start of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

et al. 2014

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“…The present three-dimensional two-phase gas purge model made for co-flow and counter-flow pattern is developed based on the work of Jiao and Luo [34,35]. The model is a two-fluid model which solves the mass, momentum, and species transport equations for gas mixture, with another liquid water conservation equation.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The model is a two-fluid model which solves the mass, momentum, and species transport equations for gas mixture, with another liquid water conservation equation. The cell geometrical properties are shown in Table 1, which is referred to [22,34,35]. Counter-flow pattern is the layout that air flows into cell by opposite direction whereas co-flow pattern same direction.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐dimensional Modeling of Gas Purge in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell with Co‐flow and Counter‐flow Pattern

2017

Fuel Cells

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Gas purge is commonly utilized to minimize residual water after shutdown of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) in cold weather, aiming to reduce damage of ice formation on cell performance and durability. In this paper, a three‐dimensional multiphase gas purge model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with co‐flow and counter‐flow pattern is established to investigate water removal characteristics using two‐fluid model. The present model mainly includes water transport in membrane, mass transfer between dissolved water and water vapor in catalyst layer (CL), phase change between liquid water and water vapor in porous media. Several cases with co‐flow and counter‐flow pattern have been investigated numerically. In the last, gas purge time comparison between a fresh cell and degraded cell is conducted. The numerical results show that counter‐flow pattern is better in keeping even water content distribution and avoiding over‐drying of membrane. Time constant for gas purge is different in terms of different final target value: water vapor, liquid water saturation, membrane water content. Degraded cells have 2 more seconds than fresh cells when cell temperature is 80 °C and velocity of purge gas 1m s−1.

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“…The present co-author, cited in references [48,50], changed her surname after these studies were published. Published stack results are minimal and limited mostly to modeling [51][52][53][54][55][56].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automotive Subzero Cold-Start Quasi-Adiabatic Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Fixture: Design and Validation

Pistono

Rice

2020

Molecules

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Subzero automotive cold-starts of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks require accelerated thermal rises to achieve nominal operating conditions and close-to-instantaneous usable output power. Advances in the material, structure and operational dependence on the balance between the maximum power output and the electrochemical conversion of hydrogen and oxygen into water requires validation with subzero cold-starts. Herein are presented the design and validation of a quasi-adiabatic PEMFC to enable single-cell evaluation, which would provide a more cost-effective option than stack-level testing. At –20 °C, the operational dependence of the preconditioned water content (3.2 verse 6.2) for a galvanic cold-start (<600 mA cm−2) was counter to that of a laboratory-scale isothermal water fill test (10 mA cm−2). The higher water content resulted in a faster startup to appreciable power output within 0.39 min versus 0.65 min. The water storage capacity, as determined from the isothermal water fill test, was greater, for the lower initial water content of 3.2, than 6.2, 17.4 ± 0.3 mg versus 12.8 ± 0.4 mg, respectively. Potentiostatic cold-starts produced usable power in 0.09 min. The versatility and reproducibility of the single cell quasi-adiabatic fixture avail it to future universal cold-start stack relevant analyzes involving operational parameters and advanced materials, including: applied load, preconditioning, interchanging flow field structures, diffusion media, and catalyst coated membranes.

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Analysis of cold start processes in proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks

Cited by 83 publications

References 30 publications

A Review on Cold Start of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

A Review on Cold Start of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Three‐dimensional Modeling of Gas Purge in a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell with Co‐flow and Counter‐flow Pattern

Automotive Subzero Cold-Start Quasi-Adiabatic Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Fixture: Design and Validation

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