Analysis of Cold-Developed vs. Cold-Acclimated Leaves Reveals Various Strategies of Cold Acclimation of Field Pea Cultivars

Abstract

Peas (Pisum sativum L.) belong among the world's oldest domesticated crops, serving as a source of proteins, complex carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Autumn sowing allows a higher biomass production as well as the avoidance of the drought and heat stresses of late spring. However, the character of European continental winters limits plant growth and development through cold stress. This work sought parameters that reflect the cold tolerance of pea plants and consequently to suggest an afila-type pea cultivar with resilience to European continental winters. For this purpose, we employed indoor remote sensing technology and compared the 22-day-long acclimation to 5 • C of four pea cultivars: Arkta, with normal leaves and the known highest cold resistance to European continental winters, and Enduro, Terno and CDC Le Roy, all of the afila type. Besides evaluation of shoot growth rate and quenching analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) by imaging methods, we measured the chlorophyll content and ChlF induction with a nonimaging fluorometer. Here we show that the acclimation to cold of the Arkta exhibits a different pattern than the other cultivars. Arkta showed the fastest retardation of photosynthesis and shoot growth, which might be part of its winter survival strategy. Terno, on the other hand, showed sustained photosynthetic performance and growth, which might be an advantageous strategy for spring. Surprisingly, Enduro showed sustained photosynthesis in the stipules, which transferred and acclimated to 5 • C (cold-acclimated). However, of all the cultivars, Enduro had the strongest inhibition of photosynthesis in new stipules that developed after the transition to cold (cold-developed). We conclude that the parameters of ChlF spatial imaging calculated as averages from whole plants are suboptimal for the characterization of various cold acclimation strategies. The most marked changes were obtained when the new cold-developed leaves were analyzed separately from the rest of the plant.2 of 16 minerals [3]. In an effort to improve grain yield, seed protein content, disease resistance, or the tolerance to various stresses, pea plants have been bred into different types. In 1965, Goldenberg discovered the afila type, whose leaves were transformed into tendrils that tend to twine together and so the plants offer mutual support to each other [4]. The leaves transformed into tendrils thus brought benefits in the form of a pea canopy with increased lodging resistance.A further important trait is represented by the adaptability of plants to different climates. Various species of overwintering plants have developed adaptive responses to the seasonal changes in the weather [5][6][7][8]. They sense the upcoming cold period through the perception of environmental signals. The process of sensing an upcoming period with low temperatures leading to changes at the level of gene expression, cellular water management, plant metabolism and physiology is known as cold acclimation. Cold acclimation occurs in species from temp...

Carbon fluxes and environmental interactions during legume development, with a specific focus on Pisum sativum

“…Leaf architecture also seems to play a role in cold tolerance, specifically in new leaves developing during the cold period, according to a study comparing the photosynthetic activity of a leafy winter pea, two afila spring pea and an afila winter pea cultivar subjected to cold stress. The leafy winter pea (the most resistant cultivar) displayed the most rapid decrease in photosynthesis activity, which may be linked to its survival strategy (Husičková et al, 2019).…”

Light Intensity: the Role Player in Cucumber Response to Cold Stress

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Special issue in honour of Prof. Reto J. Strasser - Analysis of K- and L-band appearance in OJIPs in Antarctic lichens in low and high temperature

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