Analysis of Climatic Predictions for Extrinsic Incubation of <i>Dirofilaria</i> in The United Kingdom

Medlock, Jolyon M.; Barrass, Iain; Kerrod, E.; Taylor, Mike; Leach, Steve

doi:10.1089/vbz.2006.0564

Cited by 58 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The ability of GIS to predict the distribution and epidemiology of dirofilariosis in different geographical areas has been already demonstrated by the empirical epidemiological data obtained at the continental (Genchi et al, 2009;Kartashev et al, 2014), national (Medlock et al, 2007;Simón et al, 2014), and regional (Mortarino et al, 2008;Montoya-Alonso et al, 2015) levels. As demonstrated in our present study, GIS could become an important tool for the management of HWD in endemic and non-endemic countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Given that transmission of dirofilarial infections by mosquitoes is strictly dependant on the climate and the larvae will only develop in the vectors if the temperature is suitable (Kalluri et al, 2007;Medlock et al, 2007), these areas are characterized by a temperate-continental climate (cool and moist) with eastern aridity and Baltic-Scandinavian influences in the north. The presence of D. immitis in the eastern part of the country extends the areas positive for the parasite from the southern, southwestern and southeastern parts of the country.…”

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

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Geographic distribution of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray dogs of eastern Romania

et al. 2016

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A survey was conducted in the eastern part of Romania to assess the prevalence and geographical distribution of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs. Plasma samples were collected from 458 stray dogs hosted in shelters in 8 counties and tested serologically for the presence of heartworm. In addition, 45 blood samples from dogs of a shelter in Galati city were examined by the modified Knott and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The immmunological assay showed a heartworm infection prevalence of 8.9% in the dogs. Optical density results for positive samples ranged between 0.217 and 2.683. Geographical information systems (GIS) were used to produce overlays of distribution maps of D. immitis prevalence and predictive maps based on temperature suitability. High prevalence of D. immitis was found in the central East up to the northern border of the country, i.e.Galati county (60%), followed by the counties of Vaslui (12.0%) and Iasi (7.7%). Out of 45 samples examined using the Knott test, 23 were positive for circulating microfilariae (51.1%), while 19 dogs were positive for D. immitis and 4 for both D. immitis and D. repens with the multiplex PCR test. The high prevalence for D. immitis shown in dogs in the Southeast (Galati, 42.2%) also by multiplex PCR gave strong support to the results achieved by the serological tests. The present study confirms the ability of GIS to predict the distribution and epidemiology of dirofilariosis in different geographical territories as has been already demonstrated by the empirical epidemiological data obtained at the continental, national and intraregional levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic distribution of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray dogs of eastern Romania

et al. 2016

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“…Geographical information system (GIS) is a useful tool for the prediction of disease seasonality based on the climatic and/or environmental characteristics of a certain area and the information about the climatic and/or environmental requirements of a certain parasite species and its vector(s) Rinaldi et al, 2006). Regarding HW infection, climate-based forecast models, combined with GIS, have been used in order to predict the occurrence and seasonality of D. immitis in the whole of Europe , in the UK (Medlock et al, 2007) and in Argentina (Vezzani and Carbajo, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GIS modeling for canine dirofilariosis risk assessment in central Italy

et al. 2008

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Abstract.A survey was conducted in an area of central Italy in order to study the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in dogs. Blood samples were collected from 283 dogs and examined using a modified Knott's technique. In addition, in order to detect D. immitis occult infection, 203 serum samples were also analysed for D. immitis antigen detection. The results were analyzed in order to evaluate the behavioural and attitudinal risk factors. A geographical information system (GIS) for the study area was constructed, utilizing the following data layers: administrative boundaries, elevation, temperature, rainfall and humidity. Microfilariae were detected in 32 of the 283 dogs surveyed, constituting a total Dirofilaria prevalence of 11.3%. In particular, 20 dogs (7.1%) were positive for D. immitis and 12 dogs (4.2%) for D. repens microfilariae. One case of D. immitis occult infection was also detected. Choroplethic municipal maps were drawn within the GIS in order to display the distribution of each Dirofilaria species in the study area. Statistical analysis showed a significant association between Dirofilaria infection and animal attitude (hunting/truffle dogs showed a higher prevalence compared to guard/pet dogs). A higher prevalence was also recorded in 2 to 5-years old dogs. Furthermore a GIS-based modelling of climatic data, collected from 5 meteorological stations in the study area, was performed to estimate the yearly number of D. immitis generations in the mosquito vector. The results of the model as depicted by GIS analysis was highly concordant with the territorial distribution of positive dogs and showed that D. immitis spreading is markedly influenced by season. The potential transmission period in the study area was found to be confined to summer months with a peak in July and August, as expected for a temperate region where summer season is the most favourable period for the parasite.

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“…D. immitis is transmitted by mosquito species including genara of Culex, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Anopheles, Armigeres and Mansonia (15,31,147). Transmission of dirofilariosis depends on the presence of sufficient numbers of infected, microfilaremic dogs, susceptible mosquitoes, and a suitable climate to permit extrinsic incubation of parasite in the mosquito vector (123). In Turkey, the canine heartworm is widespread and was reported from dogs in several provinces.…”

Section: Trypanosomiasis (Animal Trypanosomiasis)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases in Turkey

YAZAR

2013

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:In Turkey, arthropod-borne diseases such as human babesiosis, dirofilariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, anthrax, bartonellosis, louse-borne relapsing fever, lyme disease, plague, trench fever, tularemia, epidemic typhus, tick-borne typhus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, phlebovirus infections, tick-borne encephalitis and west nile virus in humans; animal trypanosomiasis, avian haemosporidiasis, babesiosis, canine hepatozoonosis, canine lesihmaniosis, dipetalonemiasis, dirofilariosis, habronemiasis, onchocerciasis, parafilariasis, setariasis, theileriosis, thelaziasis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, feline infectious anemia, akabane, bluetongue, bovine ephemeral fever, equine infectious anemia, louping ill, west nile virus, colony collapse disorders (CCD) were reported in domestic animals and Wolbachia endobacteria infection was also reported in mosquitos so far. On the other hand, aphids (Aphididae), leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), white flies (Aleyrodidae), beetles (Coleoptera), trips (Thysanoptera), gal mites (Eriophyidae), and nematodes are also very important vectors of plant diseases in Turkey. Some of the most harmful plant viruses in the world such as tristeza, plum pox virus, and tomato ringspot viruses are also transmitted by arthropod vectors. In recent years, in spite of changes in ecological balance caused by abandoning agricultural land, use of natural areas to farm, release of rabbits, preventing water flooding, leaving the fields uncultivated, migration from urban to rural areas, hunting of wild animals, the dramatic drop in the number of farm animals, global warming and the strengthening of wild life was probably responsible for the increase of tick populations. The construction of ponds and dams, changes in riverbeds, drying out of swamps and marshes, dense ad-hoc and haphazard construction, changes in picnicking habits, wild irrigation in agriculture, and the use of unsuitable control measures by local authorities, resulted in an increase of flies. This led to an increase in infected vector populations and vector-borne diseases and a decrease in the potential for economic development. In conclusion, it is very important to initiate and develop integrated control programs targeting arthropod vectors, disease agents of human, animal and plants and natural reservoirs. These diseases have been caused high economic losses in Turkey, and therefore they should be further investigated.Key words: Animal, human, plant, Turkey, vectors, vector-borne diseases,. Türkiye'de Vektörler ve Vektörlerle Bulaştırılan HastalıklarÖzet: Türkiye'de insanlarda babesiosis, dirofilariasis, şark çıbanı, sıtma, lenfatik filariasis, onchocerciasis, şarbon, bartonellosis, bitle bulaşan dönemli ateş (louse-borne relapsing fever), lyme, veba, siper ateşi, tularemia, epidemik tifüs, tick-borne tifus, Kırım-Kongo kanamalı ateşi, phlebovirus enfeksiyonu, tick-borne encephalitis ve batı nil virusu; evcil hayvanlarda trypanasomiasis, kanatlı haemosporidiasisi, babesiosis, köpek hepatozoonosisi...

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Analysis of Climatic Predictions for Extrinsic Incubation of Dirofilaria in The United Kingdom

Cited by 58 publications

References 17 publications

Geographic distribution of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray dogs of eastern Romania

Geographic distribution of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray dogs of eastern Romania

GIS modeling for canine dirofilariosis risk assessment in central Italy

Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases in Turkey

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