Analysis of Celtic small silver coins from Slovenia by PIXE and PGAA

Šmit, Ž.; Maróti, Boglárka; Kasztovszky, Zs.; Šemrov, A.; Kos, Peter

doi:10.1007/s12520-020-01124-z

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and Prompt gamma activation analysis (PAGG) are commonly used non-destructive testing techniques to characterize the chemical element composition of small-scale cultural relics such as ancient coins, ceramics, glaze, lithic ornaments, and symbolic artifacts [12][13][14]. Their results are accurate and are often combined with statistical analysis methods to group cultural relics [15][16][17][18][19][20]. However, these measurements can only be implemented in the laboratory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pXRF-Based Approach to Identifying the Material Source of Stone Cultural Relics: A Case Study

et al. 2022

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Precise identification of material sources is of great significance to archaeological study, conservation, and restoration of stone cultural relics. The present study proposes a simple and efficient approach to identifying the material source of stone cultural relics based on portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) and statistical analyses. Chemical elements of stone samples, including Ca, K, Fe, Al, Si, Cl, S, and Mg from both cultural relics and potential quarries, were first measured non-destructively using a pXRF device. Obtained chemical element data were then classified using statistical techniques (i.e., cluster analysis and principal component analysis) to match tested materials from cultural relics to the material from a quarry, thereby identifying the material source of stone cultural relics. The proposed method was applied to identify the material sources of the Jin Gang Throne Tower (JGT Tower), the stele of “Rebuilding Pu’ansi Temple” (PAS Stele), and the stele of “Renovation of Sanjinmiao Temple” (SJM Stele) in Beijing Stone Carving Art Museum. The study shows that pXRF can be used on-site for handheld, fast, inexpensive, and non-destructive measurements of the elemental composition of stone materials, being a powerful tool for identifying the material source of stone culture relics especially immovable and large-scale ones.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pXRF-Based Approach to Identifying the Material Source of Stone Cultural Relics: A Case Study

et al. 2022

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“…It is very similar to the Augentyp-Stamm obols defined by Peter Kos, with a characteristic lentil-shaped bulge on the obverse and a Tau- 43 For the results of the surface metallurgical (PIXE) analysis of the Augentyp-Stamm obols from the sites in Slovenia see Laharnar, Šmit, Šemrov 2017, 133 Nos. 1, 5, 6, 8;Šmit et al 2020. For the PGAA analysis of the bulk composition of the coins (but only in terms of Ag and Cu), see Šmit et al 2020.…”

Section: Concluding Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tauriscan Lt D obol from Lobor hillfort (Hrvatsko Zagorje, Croatia)

Bilić¹

2023

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A small silver coin complementary to the Augentyp-Stamm Tauriscan obols was found in controlled archaeological excavations at the Lobor hillfort. The hillfort was fortified in the late La Tène period (Lt D), which is also the most likely depositional context of the coin, since the site was clearly not occupied during the early imperial age. It can be assumed that the coin was produced in the earlier part of late La Tène (Lt D1), in accordance with the presently accepted chronology of Tauriscan coins. Similar obols were found at comparable hillfort sites in the Tauriscan area, but, due to their small number and lack of secure stratigraphic contextualization, this phenomenon is not easily explained in terms of commercial exchange.

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“…The Si(Li) detector (manufactured by PGT, active area 30 mm 2 , 7.5 m thin Be window, 138 eV FWHM resolution at 5.9 keV) positioned above the beam at a distance of 3.2 cm from the sample is used for in air PIXE imaging (label 1 in Figure 2) presented later on in the manuscript. The second PIXE detector (label 6 in Figure 2) was used previously for in-air PIXE archaeometry studies with a broad proton beam [5][6][7][8] and is in fact not applied in current imaging applications. Beside both PIXE detectors, the end station is equipped with an additional high-purity Ge detector (P-type coaxial manufactured by ORTEC) for Particle-Induced Gamma Emission (PIGE) analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While in these applications we are usually looking for maximal lateral resolution and the size of the scanning area is usually of the order of mm 2 and lower, we have been recently faced with the requirements to increase significantly the scanning area to allow PIXE imaging of larger objects (few cm 2 ) at the expense of moderate sub 100 m spatial resolution, which would complement detailed micro-PIXE analysis. For that purpose, we have decided to upgrade the external beamline which has been so far mainly used for in-air PIXE archaeometry studies employing point analysis with a broad ( 1 mm) proton beam [5][6][7][8]. The main goal was to achieve inair beam focusing down to few tens of m, which would allow us to perform in-air PIXE analysis of larger biological objects with very little sample preparation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%