Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2009–2010

Abstract

This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.

Carbon Dots and 9AA as a Binary Matrix for the Detection of Small Molecules by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

“…However, the analysis of saccharides by mass spectrometry was hindered due to their poor ionization efficiency [34]. Therefore, fast and convenient detection of saccharides is necessary.…”

Sensitive and Structure-Informative <i>N</i>-Glycosylation Analysis by MALDI-MS; Ionization, Fragmentation, and Derivatization

“…Various solid and liquid matrices have been reported for enhancing the ion yield of glycans. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Another way to improve ionization eciency is to perform derivatization (i.e., labeling). e chemical labeling of the reducing end of glycans was originally developed for HPLC analysis with UV or uorescent detectors.…”

“…us, MALDI-MS enjoys widespread use in a variety of applications for the analysis of glycans and glycopeptides. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] However, the mass spectrometric analysis of glycosylation still remains a challenging task due to the low ionization e ciency, labile nature and complicated branched structures involving various linkage isomers. In general, released glycans show lower ionization e ciency than other biopolymers, such as peptides.…”

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“…Several glycosylated and non-glycosylated secondary metabolites have been analyzed, such as hydrolysable and condensed tannins, anthocyanins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, rotenoids, carotenoids, xanthophylls, glycosylated triterpenes, theaflavins, thearubigins, phenolics, sesquiterpene lactones, steroids, diterpenes, sesterterpenes, cyanogenic glycosides, and others (l " Fig. 3, Table 2) [22,23,36,37,[44][45][46][47][48][49], demonstrating its huge applicability and ability to analyze secondary metabolites. Among glycosides analyzed by MALDI-MS from the period 1999 to 2010 [44][45][46][47][48][49], saponins, steroids, triterpenes, and flavonoids are the glycosylated metabolites predominantly described (l " Fig.…”