Analysis of Black Powder by Ion Mobility−Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Crawford, Christina L.; Boudries, H.; Reda, R.; Roscioli, Kristyn M.; Kaplan, Kimberly; Siems, William F.; Hill, Herbert H.

doi:10.1021/ac902168a

Cited by 27 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The peak to peak resolution between Cl − (H 2 O) n peak and sulfur peak was calculated to be 3.06 according the previous equation, 13 which was 6 times higher than that between the O 2 − (H 2 O) n peak and sulfur peak in Figure 2a, indicating that the complete baseline separation was achieved. This result is in good agreement with the previous experiments, 9,14 where the S 3 − was also the dominant negative ion. The S 3 − and S 4 − ions may be formed through electrontransfer reaction between O 2 − (H 2 O) n and gaseous S 8 (reactions 1 and 2) in the ionization region.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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Sensitive Detection of Black Powder by a Stand-Alone Ion Mobility Spectrometer with an Embedded Titration Region

et al. 2013

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Sensitive detection of black powder (BP) by stand-alone ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is full of challenges. In conventional air-based IMS, overlap between the reactant ion O 2 − (H 2 O) n peak and the sulfur ion peak occurs severely; and common doping methods, providing alternative reactant ion Cl − (H 2 O) n , would hinder the formation of ionic sulfur allotropes. In this work, an ion mobility spectrometer embedded with a titration region (TR-IMS) downstream from the ionization region was developed for selective and sensitive detection of sulfur in BP with CH 2 Cl 2 as the titration reagent. Sulfur ions were produced via reactions between sulfur molecules and O 2 − (H 2 O) n ions in the ionization region, and the remaining O 2 − (H 2 O) n ions that entered the titration region were converted to Cl − (H 2 O) n ions, which avoided the peak overlap as well as the negative effect of CH 2 Cl 2 on sulfur ions. The limit of detection for sulfur was measured to be 5 pg. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that this TR-IMS was qualified for detecting less than 5 ng of BP and other nitroorganic explosives.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Also they assigned the product ions with an average reduced mobility value of 2.28 cm 2 V −1 s −1 to S n − (n = 1−5). 9 However, the amounts of BP used in that work were as large as 5−10 mg, and the sensitivity and linear range was not studied.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sensitive Detection of Black Powder by a Stand-Alone Ion Mobility Spectrometer with an Embedded Titration Region

et al. 2013

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“…As a result, injector port yielded less fragmentation and higher absolute signal thus having lower detection limits; however this injector port system is not suitable for field-use (Schramm et al, 2009a). In addition, IMS-MS-TOF analysis of black powder (BP) using TD-inlet has recently been published (Crawford et al, 2010).…”

Section: G Thermal Desorption (Td)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A seminal article concerning successful analysis of explosives by combined IM-MS has been recently published (Crawford et al, 2010). In this feature three different black powder (BP) samples were investigated with three IMS instruments; a custom-built stand-alone IMS, a commercial IMS used in field analyses and the combined IM-TOFMS.…”

Section: Spectrometry For Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra‐traces of explosives: A review

Mäkinen

Nousiainen

Sillanpää

2011

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

146

102

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In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.

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“…The basic design of the instrument can be obtained elsewhere [49,50]. IMS operating conditions were as follows: The IMS was connected with the TOFMS by a high pressure interface with a 300µm pinhole from the IMS to the interface and a 300µm skimmer from the interface to the TOFMS.…”

Section: Wsu Im-tofmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Sources Used in The Detection of Explosives by Ion Mobility Spectrometry

Waltman

2010

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were selected to evaluate the new ionization source. A lifetime experiment was run to test the stability of the source. The source was operated continuously for three months and although surface deterioration was observed visually, the source continued to produce ions at a rate similar that of the initial conditions.The ions created in a discharge were dependent upon experimental conditions. It was postulated that the change in ions was caused by reactions with neutral species O 3 and NO 2 . In an effort to better understand the formation of negative reactant ions in air produced by an atmospheric pressure corona discharge source, the neutral vapors generated by a corona discharge were introduced in varying amounts into the ionization region of an ion mobility spectrometer/mass spectrometer containing a 63 Ni ionization source. With no discharge gas, the predominant ions were O 2 -, however, upon the introduction of low levels of discharge gas the NO 2 -ion quickly became the dominant

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Analysis of Black Powder by Ion Mobility−Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 27 publications

References 14 publications

Sensitive Detection of Black Powder by a Stand-Alone Ion Mobility Spectrometer with an Embedded Titration Region

Sensitive Detection of Black Powder by a Stand-Alone Ion Mobility Spectrometer with an Embedded Titration Region

Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra‐traces of explosives: A review

Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Sources Used in The Detection of Explosives by Ion Mobility Spectrometry

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