Analysis of bipolar and amacrine populations in marmoset retina

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Parallel visual pathways originate at the first synapse in the retina, where cones make connections with cone bipolar cells that in turn contact ganglion cells. There are more ganglion cell types than bipolar types, suggesting that there must be divergence from bipolar to ganglion cells. Here we analyze the contacts between an OFF bipolar type (DB3a) and six ganglion cell types in the retina of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Ganglion cells were transfected via particle-mediated gene transfer of an expression plasmid for the postsynaptic density 95-green fluorescent protein (PSD95-GFP), and DB3a cells were labeled via immunohistochemistry. Ganglion cell types that fully or partially costratified with DB3a cells included OFF parasol, OFF midget, broad thorny, recursive bistratified, small bistratified, and large bistratified cells. On average, the number of DB3a contacts to parasol cells (18 contacts per axon terminal) is higher than that to other ganglion cell types (between four and seven contacts). We estimate that the DB3a output to OFF parasol cells accounts for at least 30% of the total DB3a output. Furthermore, we found that OFF parasol cells receive approximately 20% of their total bipolar input from DB3a cells, suggesting that other diffuse bipolar types also provide input to OFF parasol cells. We conclude that DB3a cells preferentially contact OFF parasol cells but also provide input to other ganglion cell types.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taken together, our results confirm previous findings showing that calbindin‐positive DB3a cells and calbindin‐negative DB3b cells express HCN1 (Puthussery et al, ; Weltzien et al, ). The DB3a and DB3b cells stratify in similar regions of the inner plexiform layer, suggesting that they connect to the same type(s) of ganglion cell.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connectivity between the OFF bipolar type DB3a and six types of ganglion cell in the marmoset retina

Masri

Percival

Koizumi

et al. 2015

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“…In marmoset retina, antibodies against calretinin label cell populations in the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer (Figure ). As shown previously, in the inner nuclear layer calretinin immunoreactive cells mainly comprise AII amacrine cells (Jusuf et al, ; Weltzien et al, ). The labeled processes of the AII cells form a broad band in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer and thinner bands in the middle and at the border with the ganglion cell layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In primate retina, the expression of calcium binding proteins shows common pattern as well as species specific differences (Chiquet, Dkhissi‐Benyahya, & Cooper, ; Pasteels, Rogers, Blachier, & Pochet, ). For example, in all primate retinas studied to date, calretinin is expressed in AII amacrine cells (macaque: Kolb, Zhang, Dekorver, & Cuenca, ; Mills & Massey, ; Wässle, Grünert, Chun, & Boycott, , marmoset: Jusuf, Lee, & Grünert, ; Weltzien, Percival, Martin, & Grünert, , and human: Lee, Weltzien, Madigan, Martin, & Grünert, ). The expression of calretinin in the ganglion cell layer, however, varies between primate species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thorny ganglion cells in marmoset retina: Morphological and neurochemical characterization with antibodies against calretinin

Chandra

Lee

2017

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In primates, over 17 morphological types of retinal ganglion cell have been distinguished by their dendritic morphology and stratification, but reliable markers for specific ganglion cell populations are still rare. The calcium binding protein calretinin is known to be expressed in the inner nuclear and the ganglion cell layer of marmoset retina, however, the specific cell type(s) expressing calretinin in the ganglion cell layer are yet to be determined. Here, we identified calretinin positive retinal ganglion cells in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus. Double labeling with the ganglion cell marker RBPMS demonstrated that the large majority (80%) of the calretinin positive cells in the ganglion cell layer are ganglion cells, and 20% are displaced amacrine cells. The calretinin positive ganglion cells made up on average 12% of the total ganglion cell population outside of the foveal region and their proportion increased with eccentricity. Prelabeling with antibodies against calretinin and subsequent intracellular injection with DiI revealed that the large majority of the injected cells (n = 74) were either narrow thorny or broad thorny ganglion cells, 14 cells were displaced amacrine cells. Narrow thorny cells were further distinguished into outer and inner stratifying cells. In addition, weakly labeled cells with a large soma were identified as parasol ganglion cells. Our results show that three types of thorny ganglion cells in marmoset retina can be identified with antibodies against calretinin. Our findings are also consistent with the idea that the proportion of wide-field ganglion cell types increases in peripheral retina.

“…In the rat, six types have been distinguished in Golgi preparations (Perry and Walker, ), in the mouse at least 10 different types have been found (Perez De Sevilla Müller et al, ; Majumdar et al, ), and in guinea pig retina 11 types were described (Kao and Sterling, ). In macaque and human retinas at least six types of displaced amacrine cells were reported (Mariani, ; Kolb et al, ), which in addition to the starburst cells (Rodieck, ), included the cells named “spiny,” “wiry,” “wispy,” “thorny type 2,” and “semilunar type 3.” Some but not all of these displaced amacrine cell types have been identified using immunohistochemical markers: starburst cells can be labeled with antibodies to acetylcholine transferase in human, macaque, baboon, and marmoset (Rodieck and Marshak, ; Moritoh et al, ; Weltzien et al, ); wiry amacrine cells are glycogen phosphorylase‐positive in macaque retina (Majumdar et al, ); thorny type 2 cells have been suggested to express substance P in human retina (Cuenca et al, ); and spiny amacrine cells are secretagogin‐positive in marmoset retina (Weltzien et al, ). Other immunohistochemically identified displaced amacrine types in primates include NADPH diaphorase‐positive (Provis and Mitrofanis, ), somatostatinergic (Mitrofanis et al, ), and VIP‐positive (Lammerding‐Köppel et al, ) cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of AⅡ amacrine, displaced amacrine, and bistratified ganglion cell types in human retina with antibodies against calretinin

Lee

Weltzien

Madigan

et al. 2015

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Antibodies against calretinin are markers for one type of rod pathway interneuron (AⅡ amacrine cell) in the retina of some but not all mammalian species. The AⅡ cells play a crucial role in night-time (scotopic) vision and have been proposed as a target for optogenetic restoration of vision in retinal disease. In the present study we aimed to characterize the AⅡ cells in human retina. Postmortem human donor eyes were obtained with ethical approval and processed for calretinin immunofluorescence. Calretinin-positive somas in the inner nuclear and the ganglion cell layer were filled with the lipophilic dye DiI. The large majority (over 80%) of calretinin-immunoreactive cells is located in the inner nuclear layer, is immunopositive for glycine transporter 1, and shows the typical morphology of AⅡ amacrine cells. In addition, a small proportion of calretinin-positive cells in the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer is glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive and shows the morphology of widefield amacrine cells (stellate, semilunar, and thorny amacrine cells). About half of the calretinin cells in the ganglion cell layer are bistratified ganglion cells resembling the small bistratified (presumed blue-ON/yellow-OFF) and the G17 ganglion cell previously described in primates. We conclude that in human retina, antibodies against calretinin can be used to identify AⅡ amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer as well as widefield amacrine and small bistratified ganglion cells in the ganglion cell layer.