Analysis of biomarkers characteristic of porcine liver injury—from biomolecular logic gates to an animal model

Abstract

A biocatalytic cascade for the analysis of the simultaneous increase in the concentration of two biomarkers characteristic of liver injury (alanine transaminase, ALT, and lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) was tested on real samples acquired from an animal model (domestic pigs, Sus scrofa domesticus) suffering from traumatic liver injury. A two-step reaction biocatalyzed in the presence of both enzyme-biomarkers resulted in the oxidation of NADH followed by optical absorbance measurements. A simple qualitative, YES/NO, test allowed for distinction between animals with and without the presence of liver injury with the probability of 92%. These data represent the first demonstration of applying binary logic systems for the analysis of real biomedical samples.

An Enzyme‐based 1:2 Demultiplexer Interfaced with an Electrochemical Actuator

“…While the original motivation (particularly for the DNA‐based systems) was based on the futuristic goal of designing a biocomputer more powerful than the presently used silicon‐based electronic computers, at least for some specific combinatorial applications, a new vision of possible applications resulted in the use of biocomputing systems in biosensor systems . Indeed, a molecular computer, being a dream of computer technology, is still a long‐term vision as it is not possible for any practical application at the present level of technology, while biosensors with a digital output in the form of YES/NO answers are already feasible with the presently available low complexity of biomolecular logic systems . In these biosensor devices the input information can be processed through biochemical processes rather than with the use of electronics.…”

Reversible Logic Gates Based on Enzyme‐Biocatalyzed Reactions and Realized in Flow Cells: A Modular Approach

“…The logic processing of biomolecular signals in the reversible mode will be particularly beneficial for biosensing applications that need each combination of the output signals to correspond with a unique pattern of the input signals, thus allowing restoration of the original input values. The application of logically reversible gates for the analysis of biomedically important biomarkers signaling for various physiological dysfunctions, similarly to previously reported injury diagnostics, [57,58] are feasible. Technological realization of the information processing systems in flow devices allows for clocking (temporal control) as well as spatial separation of the various steps of multistage biochemical processes, thus providing novel options for their sophistication and functional flexibility.…”

“…[57,58] Despite the fact that complex multi-input/multistep information processing systems have been successfully realized with enzymatic cascades, [15] the requirement of several independently read output signals for realization of reversible logic gates is not a simple task. Cross-talking between enzymatic pathways and chemically produced output signals limit the complexity of the enzyme-based logic systems when they are realized in a homogeneous system.…”

Enantioselective Synthesis of Amino­indan Carboxylic Acid Derivatives by the Catalytic Intramolecular [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Amino‐Acid‐Tethered Triynes

“…Recently designed logic networks based on enzyme‐biocatalyzed multi‐step reactions15, 55, 56 are the easiest for the practical realization of systems where logic operations are particularly useful in biomedical sensing48, 49 as well as diagnostic applications 57. 58 Despite the fact that complex multi‐input/multi‐step information processing systems have been successfully realized with enzymatic cascades,15 the requirement of several independently read output signals for realization of reversible logic gates is not a simple task.…”