“…The fracture parameters, such as the stress intensity factor K [13][14][15][16][17][18][19], crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) [20,21], the Jintegral [22], the size of the reversed plastic zone [23][24][25], etc., are important factors to assess the fatigue crack propagation life. Fatigue crack propagation research has been primarily conducted by scholars from the perspective of the crack tip stress distribution [26,27] and crack closure effect [28][29][30], etc., leading to several valuable conclusions [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. When a severe stress concentration occurs, plastic deformation arises in the surrounding area, which gradually accumulates, eventually resulting in crack propagation.…”