Analysis of antigenicity and pathogenicity reveals major differences among QX-like infectious bronchitis viruses and other serotypes

Yan, Shihong; Liu, Xiaoyu; Zhao, Jing; Xu, Gang; Zhao, Ye; Zhang, Guozhong

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.010

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…In the present study, regulation of gene expression in chicken kidney cells infected with nephropathogenic IBV was analyzed. Chicks inoculated virulent strains such as SCDY2 and SCK2 exhibited severe clinical signs and renal lesions as reported previously [12,34,35] and also resulted in modification of gene expression and activation of apoptosis in kidney cells. However, apoptosis induced by the two viral strains is quite different.…”

Section: Induction Of Apoptosis In Virulent Nephropathogenic Ibv Infesupporting

confidence: 72%

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals induction of apoptosis in chicken kidney cells associated with the virulence of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus

Liu

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2017

Microbial Pathogenesis

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Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) that causes respiratory and nephritic diseases in chicken is a major poultry pathogen leading to serious economic loss worldwide. The nephropathogenic IBV strains cause nephritis and kidney lesions intrinsically and the pathogenic mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, SPF chicks were infected with three nephropathogenic IBVs of different virulence and their gene expression profiles in chicken kidney were compared at transcriptome level. As a result, 1279 differentially expressed (DE) genes were found in very virulent SCDY2 inoculated group, 145 in virulent SCK2 group and 74 in non-virulent LDT3-A group when compared to mock infected group. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on SCDY2 group displayed that the up-regulated DE genes were mainly involved in cell apoptosis, and the down-regulated genes were involved in metabolic processes and DNA replication. Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis showed that DE genes in SCDY2 group formed a network, and the core of the network was composed by cell apoptosis and immune response proteins. The clustering of gene expression profile among the three virus inoculated groups indicated that the majority of up-regulated DE genes on apoptosis in very virulent SCDY2 group were up-regulated more or less in virulent SCK2 group and those down-regulated on innate immune response in SCDY2 group were also down-regulated differently in SCK2 group. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells detected experimentally in kidney tissue were very different among the three virus inoculated groups and were positively accordant with the viral titer, kidney lesions and viral virulence of each group. Taken all together, the present study revealed that virulent nephropathogenic IBV infection modified a number of gene expression and induction of apoptosis in kidney cells may be a major pathogenic determinant for virulent nephropathogenic IBV.

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Section: Induction Of Apoptosis In Virulent Nephropathogenic Ibv Infesupporting

confidence: 72%

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals induction of apoptosis in chicken kidney cells associated with the virulence of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus

Liu

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2017

Microbial Pathogenesis

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“…The cross-reactivity R values indicated that the seven QX-type isolates were classified into the same SCZY3-serotype, which was different from H120 and 4/91 (R < 0.11) [12,25]. It has been reported that some QX-type strains showed distant relationships with other representative strains of the classical IBV serotypes [20]. The results indicated that different QX-type isolates were important agents for IBV outbreaks in China, and a new vaccine strain should be used for the prevention and control of IB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Therefore, it is important to understand the antigenicity and pathogenicity of QX-type IBV field isolates for the prevention and control of IB. It has been reported that the antigenicity and virulence vary between different genotypes [12,20], and no systematic comparison among QX-type IBVs has been conducted. In our study, eight QX-type IBVs were isolated from H120 and 4/91 vaccinated chickens in China, and their antigenicity and pathogenicity were analyzed for understanding the epidemiology and evolution of IBVs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is crucial to gain a better understanding of the antigenicity and pathogenesis of QX-like IBV. Previously, comparative studies have been conducted to elucidate differential pathogenicity among two QX-like IBVs with 94.1% similarities of the S1 gene [20]. Very minor changes in the IBV genome can lead to differences in pathogenicity [21]; therefore, comparative studies involving more QX-type IBVs are required.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Antigenic and Pathogenic Characteristics of QX-Type Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains Isolated in Southwestern China

Xia

et al. 2019

Viruses

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The QX-type avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is still a prevalent genotype in Southwestern China. To analyze the antigenicity and pathogenicity characteristics of the dominant genotype strains (QX-type), S1 gene sequence analysis, virus cross-neutralization tests, and pathogenicity test of eight QX-type IBV isolates were conducted. Sequence analysis showed that the nucleotide homology between the eight strains was high, but distantly related to H120 and 4/91 vaccine strains. Cross-neutralization tests showed that all eight strains isolated from 2015 and 2017 belonged to the same serotype, but exhibited antigenic variations over time. The pathogenicity test of the five QX-type IBV isolates showed that only three strains, CK/CH/SC/DYW/16, CK/CH/SC/MS/17, and CK/CH/SC/GH/15, had a high mortality rate with strong respiratory and renal pathogenicity, whereas CK/CH/SC/PZ/17 and CK/CH/SC/DYYJ/17 caused only mild clinical symptoms and tissue lesions. Our results indicate that the prevalent QX-type IBVs displayed antigenic variations and pathogenicity difference. These findings may provide reference for research on the evolution of IBV and vaccine preparation of infectious bronchitis (IB).The spike 1 (S1) gene is highly variable among IBV strains and encodes epitopes, which can induce the production of specific neutralizing antibodies [7]. The partial or the full-length of the S gene has been used in the molecular characterization of IBV isolates. The antigenic relatedness and receptor binding with host cells are influenced by hypervariable regions (HVRs) in the S1 gene [8-10]; further, the S gene and 5a accessory gene are responsible for the attenuation of virulent IBV via a suitable reverse-genetic system [11]. Therefore, the differences in the genotypes, antigenicity, and pathogenicity existing among IBVs are mainly related to the S1 subunit of the IBV spike protein.Since the early 1980s, IBV has been continuously isolated in China, and QX genotype has become the prevalent genotype [12][13][14]. Our previous study showed that isolates obtained from Southwestern China between 2008 and 2016 mainly belong to the QX genotype [12,15]. Other reports have shown that QX-type IBVs epidemic is a major problem in the poultry industry in Europe, Japan, Korea, Russia, Africa, and the Middle East [16][17][18]. However, even with the wide use of IBV vaccines, such as H120 and 4/91 for QX-type IBV infection, immune failure occurred frequently [4,19]. QX-like IBV has become a challenge to the prevention and control IBV. Therefore, it is crucial to gain a better understanding of the antigenicity and pathogenesis of QX-like IBV. Previously, comparative studies have been conducted to elucidate differential pathogenicity among two QX-like IBVs with 94.1% similarities of the S1 gene [20]. Very minor changes in the IBV genome can lead to differences in pathogenicity [21]; therefore, comparative studies involving more QX-type IBVs are required. The present study was conducted with the aim to elucidate the S1 gene differences of eight Q...

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“…Phylogenetic analyses showed that the IBV isolates that clustered with QX were mainly Chinese isolates (Zhao et al, 2016). These results further indicated that IBV isolates prevalent in China were evolutionarily distant from Massachusetts (Mass)-type strains (Terregino et al, 2008;Abro et al, 2012;Yan et al, 2017). Understanding the pathogenic mechanism and molecular characteristics of circulating strains could significantly facilitate the development of vaccines that provide efficient protection against the highly variable IBV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Successful establishment of a reverse genetic system for QX-type infectious bronchitis virus and technical improvement of the rescue procedure

Zhao

Cheng

et al. 2019

Virus Research

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A B S T R A C TIn this study, a pathogenic avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) QX-type strain YN was successfully rescued by vaccinia virus based reverse genetic technology. Ten fragments contiguously spanning the complete IBV genome were amplified and cloned into the vaccinia virus genome by homologous recombination. The full-length genomic cDNA was transcribed in vitro, and its transcript was transfected into BHK-21/N cells that could stably express IBV N protein. At 48 h post transfection, the culture medium was harvested and inoculated into 10-dayold specific-pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs to replicate the rescued virus. This strategy was chosen to facilitate the rescue procedure and to ensure that the recombinant rYN virus will not require any cell culture adaptations. After only one in ovo passage, the recombinant YN virus (rYN) was successfully recovered and confirmed to possess the introduced silent marker mutation in its genome. Biological characteristics of rYN such as the EID 50 , TCID 50 , replication in ovo, and replication kinetcs in vitro were tested and all were similar to its parental strain YN. Our findings demonstrate the successful construction of highly-pathogenic QX-type IBV using a modified rescue procedure, allowing for future studies of the molecular biology and pathogenicity of IBV field strains.

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Analysis of antigenicity and pathogenicity reveals major differences among QX-like infectious bronchitis viruses and other serotypes

Cited by 27 publications

References 37 publications

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals induction of apoptosis in chicken kidney cells associated with the virulence of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals induction of apoptosis in chicken kidney cells associated with the virulence of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus

Antigenic and Pathogenic Characteristics of QX-Type Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strains Isolated in Southwestern China

Successful establishment of a reverse genetic system for QX-type infectious bronchitis virus and technical improvement of the rescue procedure

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