Analysis of adulterated herbal medicines and dietary supplements marketed for weight loss by DOSY¹H-NMR

Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine

“…Adulteration is an exemplary repercussion of such laxity. Well documented are instances of diuretics, stimulants, anorectics, or oxidative uncouplers contained in weight loss supplements [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74], steroids in performance enhancers [75][76][77][78][79][80], and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors contained within male enhancement products [72,74,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93]. At least nine people died in Sweden following exposure to Kratom adulterated with Odesmethyltramadol, a potent opioid analgesic.…”

The Use of Analytical Techniques to Detect Toxic Synthetic Drug, Sibutramine, Adulterated in Traditional Herbal Medicines

“…The use of chromatographic techniques paired with other detection methods is not the ideal method of detection because these techniques maybe too selective sometimes and not provide global information; furthermore, false-positive results may also occur (Vaysse et al, 2010). Moreover, to spare the time loss of using chromatographic methods, more spectroscopic-related techniques have been developed (Nnaji et al, 2016).…”

“…These methods were also considered to have inadequate reliability for screening because herbal medicines contain a complex mixture of many components which may interfere with chromatographic and mass spectroscopic assays (Calahan et al, 2016). Furthermore, chromatographic methods can yield false-positive results; therefore, these methods cannot be ideal for screening of adulterated drugs in THMs (Vaysse et al, 2010).…”

Essentials of Herb-Drug Interactions in the Elderly With Cardiovascular Disease

“…194 In an analysis of 20 herbal/dietary supplements marketed as natural slimming products, eight formulations contained sibutramine, five had sibutramine with phenolphthalein and one was adulterated with synephrine. 21 Sibutramine has a potential for abuse or addiction and elevates blood pressure and heart rate, posing significant risk to patients with heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmias or stroke, 195 while phenolphthalein is known to have carcinogenic properties. In June 2011, two New Jersey dietary supplement companies were forced to shut down all manufacturing and distribution following FDA investigation into violations of misbranding food labels, selling products containing a major food allergen and having unhygienic conditions; a dead rodent cut in half along with rodent excreta and pellets were found on a blender motor platform, and bags of raw ingredients were gnawed through by rodents and covered with rodent urine and feces.…”

“…20 Poor nutritional status, impaired organ function and genetic variants in drug metabolism are other factors that increase predisposition to adverse interactions. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] With aging, drug metabolism and elimination pathways also are affected by changes in the liver or intestinal membranes harbouring the cytochrome P450 enzyme superfamily or other enzymes that metabolize drug to a form that can then be eliminated through the kidney or the gut. This is especially true for interactions between herbs, such as St. John's wort or grapefruit juice, that have inhibitory effects on CYP3A4 enzymes or P-glycoprotein transporter protein.…”