Analysis of acetaminophen glucuronide conjugate accompanied by adduct ion production by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry

Sensitivity enhancement in liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry using derivatization and mobile phase additives

“…APCI is less affected by matrix suppression than ESI [39]. Most of the applications using derivatization techniques reported for carboxylic acids involve esterification following APCI detection [40][41][42][43]. The carboxylic acids are generally aliphatic acids, such as modified tyrosine, and derivatives of glucuronic acid.…”

“…Methylation is the most commonly used esterification reaction. Hydrochloric acid/methanol [40], BF 3 -methanol [41] and ethereal diazomethan [42] have all been used as the methylation reaction reagent.…”

Quantification of Glucuronide Metabolites in Biological Matrices by LC-MS/MS

“…Methyl esters are formed at room temperature. Afterwards, the samples are dried and reconstituted with methanol and injected into LC-APCI-MS, where a positive or negative ionization mode can be used to detect either [M+H] + or [M+O 2 ] -ions, respectively (Ohta, Kawakami et al 2003).…”

“…In such cases, it is necessary to use the negative ionization or switch to another type of ionization. If analyte derivatization has been employed to increase the ionization efficiency like for example with steroids or with paracetamol glucuronide (Ohta, Kawakami et al 2003), then the negative ionization mode may be even superior in sensitivity to the positive mode because the noise in negative mode may be lower, thereby increasing the signal/noise ratio (Higashi and Shimada 2004). Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface may sometimes be beneficial over the ESI if the principally lower sensitivity of APCI is still adequate for the intended study.…”

Simultaneous LC/MS Analysis of Hexachlorobenzene and Pentachlorophenol by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) and Photoionization (APPI) Methods

“…1 On the other hand, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) can ionize less-polar molecules. [2][3][4][5] Low-polarity chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are important subjects of environmental analysis. [6][7][8][9] However, only a few analyses of these low-polarity environmental pollutants by LC/APCI/MS or by LC/APPI/MS have been reported.…”