Analysis of a sample of air which extinguishes flame

Blount, Bertram

doi:10.1039/an9063100144

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Since former crewman William Alexander reported candle tests to determine the crew's oxygen supply [2], the estimated duration of the candle flame was also included in the calculations. Most sources report wick-fed flames extinguish in atmospheres of approximately 17%, with only one source indicating flames surviving as low as 15.7% oxygen [42][43][44]. It has also been observed that matches burn with difficulty in air when the CO 2 level exceeds 5% [41].…”

Section: (1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Did the crew of the submarine H.L. Hunley suffocate?

Lance

Moon

Crisafulli³

et al. 2016

Forensic Science International

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The submarine H.L. Hunley was the first submarine to sink an enemy ship during combat; however, the cause of its sinking has been a mystery for over 150 years. The Hunley set off a 61.2 kg (135 lb) black powder torpedo at a distance less than 5 m (16 ft) off its bow. Scaled experiments were performed that measured black powder and shock tube explosions underwater and propagation of blasts through a model ship hull. This propagation data was used in combination with archival experimental data to evaluate the risk to the crew from their own torpedo. The blast produced likely caused flexion of the ship hull to transmit the blast wave; the secondary wave transmitted inside the crew compartment was of sufficient magnitude that the calculated chances of survival were less than 16% for each crew member. The submarine drifted to its resting place after the crew died of air blast trauma within the hull.

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