Analysis of a novel field dilution method for testing samples that exceed the analytic range of point-of-care blood lead analyzers

Neri, Antonio; Roy, Joannie; Jarrett, Jeffery M.; Pan, Y.; Dooyema, Carrie A.; Caldwell, Kathleen L.; Umar-Tsafe, Nasir T.; Olubiyo, Ruth; Brown, Mary Jean

doi:10.1080/09603123.2013.857390

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For reasons of practicality and logistics in this study, we used the LeadCare® II method (LC), but the reference method is inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (Bonnefoy et al 2002;Palmer et al 2006). Nevertheless, high agreement between the results of ICP-MS and LC has been demonstrated (Sobin et al 2011;Neri et al 2014;Caldwell et al 2019), and LC is one of the methods endorsed by the World Health Organization (2020). Furthermore, in our study blood Pb concentrations were lower than those reported for shooting range users measured with LC (Mathee et al 2017;Naicker et al 2018), which suggests that LC is sufficiently sensitive to detect varying levels of exposure since shooting ranges are particularly polluted sites (Mathee et al 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead exposure in consumers of culled invasive alien mammals in El Palmar National Park, Argentina

Tammone

Caselli

Condorí

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Consumption of meat from animals hunted with Pb ammunition can cause toxic accumulation with consequent health risks, even if relatively small amounts are consumed in each exposure. In El Palmar National Park, Argentina, invasive alien mammals, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and axis deer (Axis axis), are culled with Pb ammunition and their meat is consumed. In this study, we evaluated blood Pb concentrations in 58 consumers of culled game and examined Pb exposure risk according to their demographics, duty, and consumption habits. Likewise, the likelihood of exposure was evaluated by quantifying Pb concentrations in meat samples of seven culled axis deer. Twenty-seven participants (46%) had detectable blood Pb levels (limit of detection = 3.3 μg/dL), with an average 4.75 ± 1.35 μg/dL (geometric mean ± geometric S.D.); the average for all participants was 3.25 ± 1.51 μg/dL. Blood Pb concentrations were significantly higher in hunters, in participants who reported consuming game meat more than 5 times per week, and in participants who reported frequently consuming cured game meat (compared to cooked or pickled). Pb concentration varied significantly along the trajectory of the bullet in deer muscle, being highest at mid-point but with detectable Pb levels even in distant tissue samples (control), suggesting potential for dietary intake by consumers. These findings provide evidence of Pb exposure risk in consumers and emphasize the relevance of replacing Pb ammunition with non-toxic alternatives. This change would reduce dietary exposure in frequent consumers and allow the use of game meat as safe food for people whilst eliminating collateral risks to wild animals and the environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead exposure in consumers of culled invasive alien mammals in El Palmar National Park, Argentina

Tammone

Caselli

Condorí

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Similarly, ASV instruments report Pb concentrations above 65 μg/dL as “High.” Samples reading as “High” should be reanalyzed via GFAAS or ICP‐MS, and not diluted and analyzed via ASV as some studies have done (McLelland et al , Reid et al ). Diluting human blood using saline solution consistently overestimated Pb concentrations by two‐fold or greater when analyzed using an ASV because of changes to the blood matrix (Neri et al ). However, one alternative is to use blood samples with very low Pb concentrations (e.g., <2 μg/dL verified by GFAAS–ICP‐MS) as the diluting agent because the blood matrix and the LCA reagent‐mixture is not changed (Neri et al ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diluting human blood using saline solution consistently overestimated Pb concentrations by two‐fold or greater when analyzed using an ASV because of changes to the blood matrix (Neri et al ). However, one alternative is to use blood samples with very low Pb concentrations (e.g., <2 μg/dL verified by GFAAS–ICP‐MS) as the diluting agent because the blood matrix and the LCA reagent‐mixture is not changed (Neri et al ). If blood is used to dilute “High” samples, the blood should be from the same species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critically assessing the utility of portable lead analyzers for wildlife conservation

Herring

Eagles‐Smith

Bedrosian³

et al. 2018

Wildl. Soc. Bull.

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Lead (Pb) exposure in wildlife is a widespread management and conservation concern. Quantitative determination of Pb concentrations in wildlife tissues is the foundation for estimating exposure and risk. Development of low-cost, portable instruments has improved access and cost-effectiveness of determining Pb concentrations in blood samples, while also facilitating the ability for wildlife researchers to conduct near real-time Pb testing. However, these instruments, which use anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) methodology, may produce an analytical bias in wildlife-blood Pb concentrations. Additionally, their simplicity invites use without appropriate quality-assurance-quality-control measures. Together, these factors can reduce data quality and hamper the ability to evaluate it, raising concerns about use of these instruments to inform important conservation issues. We document the extent to which this bias is addressed in the wildlife toxicology literature, develop quantitative approaches for correcting the bias, and provide recommendations to ensure robust data quality when using these instruments. Of the 25 studies we reviewed that referenced ASV use for determining Pb exposure in wildlife, only 32% acknowledged the existence of bias from the instrument. Importantly, another 20% of the studies actually reported ASV and spectroscopic-based results together without acknowledging their lack of equivalence. Using a multispecies data set of avian blood Pb concentrations, we found that ASV-based estimates of paired blood Pb concentrations were 30-38% lower than those from standard spectrometric-based methods. We provide regression equations based on this analysis of 453 blood samples to allow users of ASV instruments to adjust Pb concentrations to spectrometricequivalent values, and propose a series of guidelines to follow when using these instruments to improve data validity. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.KEY WORDS anodic stripping voltammetry, blood lead, graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively-coupled mass spectrometry, LeadCare 1 , portable lead analyzer.

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“…VBLL was measured using the LeadCare II (Magellan) point-of-care analyser according to manufacturer protocols. For samples with lead levels >65 µg/dl, the upper quantification limit of the device, a blood dilution method utilising donor blood with lead concentration <3.0 µg/dl [41] was developed and implemented on 20 July 2010. Exclusion of courses with VBLL tests conducted before the dilution protocol was finalised did not substantially alter the results of regression modelling; thus, blood samples obtained at all points in the study period were retained.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Description of 3,180 Courses of Chelation with Dimercaptosuccinic Acid in Children ≤5 y with Severe Lead Poisoning in Zamfara, Northern Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis of Programme Data

et al. 2014

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Analysis of a novel field dilution method for testing samples that exceed the analytic range of point-of-care blood lead analyzers

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Lead exposure in consumers of culled invasive alien mammals in El Palmar National Park, Argentina

Lead exposure in consumers of culled invasive alien mammals in El Palmar National Park, Argentina

Critically assessing the utility of portable lead analyzers for wildlife conservation

Description of 3,180 Courses of Chelation with Dimercaptosuccinic Acid in Children ≤5 y with Severe Lead Poisoning in Zamfara, Northern Nigeria: A Retrospective Analysis of Programme Data

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