“…Considering other uncertainties in the fluidized-bed model, such as the estimation of gas-interchange parameter and chemical kinetics, the description of the fluidized bed was simplified by neglecting the mass-transfer resistance between the bubble and cloud phases and considering the cloud as part of the bubble phase. The exchange of gaseous species was accordingly simplified to be between the bubble and the dense phases, as has been done before (Drinkenburg and Rieteura, 1972;Bukur et al, 1974;Youn and Park, 1989;Rhee and Sohn, 1990b). 2. Fresh rutile particles are fed continuously and mixed with existing particles instantaneously.…”