Analysis of a method for testing azo dyes for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of flavin mononucleotide and hamster liver S9

Prival, Michael J.; Mitchell, Valerie D.

doi:10.1016/0165-1161(82)90008-5

Cited by 144 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The Panel noted that Prival and Mitchell (1982) demonstrated that the metabolic conditions of the standard Ames test protocol were not appropriate for testing azo dyes for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium and developed a specific protocol including use of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) rather than riboflavin to reduce the azo compounds to free amines, and hamster liver S9 rather than rat liver S9 for metabolic activation. The Panel therefore noted that a final conclusion from negative Ames test results obtained under standard conditions cannot be drawn.…”

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102)

Aguilar¹,

Charrondière²,

Dusemund³

et al. 2009

EFSA Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of Tartrazine (E 102). Tartrazine has been previously evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1966 and the EU Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1975 and. Both committees established an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-7.5 mg/kg bw/day. The Panel was not provided with a newly submitted dossier and based its evaluation on previous evaluations, additional literature that became available since then and the data available following a public call for data. New studies included a study by Sasaki et al. from 2002 reporting effects on nuclear DNA migration in the mouse in vivo Comet assay, a study by McCann et al. from 2007 that concluded that exposure to a mixture including Tartrazine resulted in increased hyperactivity in 3-year old and 8-to 9-year old children and studies on neurodevelopment by Tanaka. The Panel notes that Tartrazine was negative in long-term carcinogenicity studies and that the effects on nuclear DNA migration observed in the mouse in vivo Comet assay are not expected to result in carcinogenicity. The Panel also concurrs with the conclusion from a previous EFSA opinion on the McCann et al. study that the findings of the study cannot be used as a basis for altering the ADI, and additionally considered that the Tanaka study can also not be used as a basis for altering the ADI. The Panel concludes that the present database does not give reason to revise the ADI of 7.5 mg/kg bw/day. The Panel also concludes that at the maximum reported levels of use, refined intake estimates are below the ADI. The Panel concludes that Tartrazine appears to be able to elicit intolerance reactions in a small fraction of the exposed population.The Panel also notes that sensitive individuals may react to Tartrazine at dose levels within the ADI. Tartrazine, FD&C Yellow No. 5, E 102, CAS 1934-21-0, 3-carboxy-5-hydroxy-1-(4'-sulphophenyl Tartrazine consists essentially of 3-carboxy-5-hydroxy-1-(4'-sulphophenyl)-4-(4'-sulphophenylazo) pyrazole trisodium salt and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured components. Tartrazine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salts are also permitted (Directive 2008/128/EC). KEY WORDSThe purity is specified as not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt. The remaining 15 % may be accounted for by sodium chloride or sodium sulphate (but this is never mentioned explicitly), water insoluble matter not more than 0.2 %, subsidiary colouring matters not more than 1.0 % and organic compounds other than colouring matters with a total not more than 0.5 % (4-hydrazinobenzene sulphonic acid, 4-aminobenzene-1-sulphonic acid, 5-oxo-1-(4-sulphophenyl)-2-pyrazoline-3-carboxylic acid, 4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene sulphonic acid), tetrahydroxysuccinic acid).The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of Tar...

show abstract

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102)

Aguilar¹,

Charrondière²,

Dusemund³

et al. 2009

EFSA Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In a number of instances, however, the mutagenic responses following reduction of the dye and subsequent oxidative metabolism of the reduced products was greater than that obtained following similar treatment of the parent congener amine (33,36). This suggests that the chromophore was also mutagenic.…”

Section: Mutagenicity Ofmetabolitesmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…With the exception of Direct Blue 218 (30,34) and Pigment Yellow 12 (31,34), all dyes tested were mutagenic in Salmonella, and produced frameshift mutations in strains TA98 or TA1538 when tested under conditions that fostered reduction of the azo bonds (Table 2) (30)(31)(32)(33)(34). Only Direct Black 38 (30,34) and Direct Blue 2 (30) were mutagenic without activation.…”

Section: Mutagenicity Ofthe Dyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The FMN reduction protocol of Prival and Mitchell (33) and the cecal flora reduction procedure of Reid et al (34,35) were used. In the Prival procedure, the dyes were preincubated using the standard aerobic procedure except that the liver S9 and cofactors were supplemented with NADH and FMN to provide reducing conditions (33,36). The cecal flora reduction procedure employed a washed suspension of rat cecal flora.…”

Section: Mutagenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Summary of the National Toxicology Program Benzidine Dye Initiative

Morgan¹,

Dunnick²,

Goehl³

et al. 1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The benzidine dye initiative is a research program established by the National Toxicology Program to generate an integrated body of scientific information regarding the potential health risks associated with exposure to benzidine-and benzidine-congener-derived dyes. Because an indepth evaluation of each of the hundreds of benzidine-congener-derived dyes was considered impractical, the research program was designed to study the metabolism and disposition, genetic toxicity, and in vivo toxicity and carcinogenicity of two primary benzidine congeners, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine and 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, and a select group of prototypical dyes derived from those amines. It was anticipated that by applying the basic information generated in these extensive studies, it would be possible to make regulatory decisions about other dyes after conducting only a minimal number of experiments such as studies of disposition and metabolism, and in vitro mutagenicity. This paper summarizes the results of studies conducted to evaluate the metabolism, disposition, mutagenicity, toxicity, and carcinogenicity of representative benzidine congeners and derived dyes. -Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 2): 63-78 (1994).

show abstract

“…In einem modifizierten Ames-Test an S. typhimurium TA 98 und TA 1538 zeigten sich DMOB und Farbstoffe auf DMOB-Basis in Anwesenheit von Hamster-bzw. Rattenlebermikrosomen mutagen, wobei die Präinkubation der Substanz mit Flavinmononukleotid, das die Reduktion der Azoverbindung fördert und die aromatischen Amine freisetzt, die mutagene Aktivität der Farbstoffe steigerte, die von DMOB selbst jedoch nicht beeinflußte [33,36,37]. An BHK-21C13-Zellen löste DMOB in Konzentrationen zwischen 0,08 und 250 Vg/ml nach metabolischer Aktivierung Zelltransformationen aus [38]; in einem Test auf Wachstumshemmung an Kulturen von E. coli P3478 war die Substanz in einer Konzentration von 500 Vg negativ [39].…”

Section: Untersuchungen Zur Gentoxischen Wirkungunclassified

3,3′‐Dimethoxybenzidin [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1987]

2012

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Veröffentlicht in der Reihe Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe , 12. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1987 Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel: Allgemeiner Wirkungscharakter Angaben zur Pharmakokinetik Erfahrungen beim Menschen Tierexperimentelle Befunde Reproduktions‐ und Teratogenitätsstudien Untersuchungen zur gentoxischen Wirkung Untersuchungen zur kanzerogenen Wirkung Zur Frage eines MAK‐Wertes

show abstract

Analysis of a method for testing azo dyes for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of flavin mononucleotide and hamster liver S9

Cited by 144 publications

References 21 publications

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102)

Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102)

Summary of the National Toxicology Program Benzidine Dye Initiative

3,3′‐Dimethoxybenzidin [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1987]

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About