Analysis of 2,2-DCP degrading bacteria isolated from a paddy field at a rural area in Malang, Indonesia

Abstract

Aims: The use of herbicide effectively controls weeds in agricultural practice. However, its release to the surrounding surface water bodies may lead to environmental issues. The aim of this study was to isolate the bacteria that were able to remove 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (2,2-DCP) from a paddy field located in Malang. Methodology and results: The 2,2-DCP degrading bacteria were isolated and their ability to grow on higher 2,2-DCP concentrations (50 and 80 mM) was tested. Bacterial degradation of 2,2-DCP was examined through measurement of released chloride ions. The potential isolates were identified according to their 16S rDNA sequences. Two potential isolates, BB9.2 and BC14.3 were observed for their growth on 20, 50, and 80 mM 2,2-DCP. Isolate BC14.3 had the shortest cell doubling time of approximately 4.1 h with 100% 2,2-DCP (20 mM) utilization, whereas BB9.2 was only able to degrade 80% of 2,2-DCP at the same concentration. The 16S rDNA gene sequences suggested that BB9.2 and BC14.3 belong to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, respectively. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Bacterial strains with 2,2-DCP degrading potentials were successfully isolated from long-term exposed agricultural soil. They demonstrated notable utilization of the organic halide. This is the first time that strains of A. calcoaceticus and P. plecoglossicida were reported to utilize 2,2-DCP.

Identification and Characterization of a 2,2-Dichloropropionic Acid (2,2-DCP) Degrading Alkalotorelant Bacterium Strain BHS1 Isolated from Blue Lake, Turkey

“…Similar observation was seen in other studies as reported earlier [42,43]. Chloride ions released into the growth medium was due to the hydrolysis of 2,2-DCP inside the cells resulted in chloride ion released outside the cells [42,43] [ 44,45]. The product of 2,2-DCP dehalogenation resulted in pyruvate, that was essential for cell growth.…”

“…Pyruvate was further catabolized to supply carbon and energy required by cells to grow. Therefore, the high concentration of released chloride ion may indicate the high demand of pyruvate as required for a rapid growth [45]. The tolerance to the high concentration of 2,2-DCP may be related to frequent exposure of the organic halide at the sampling location especially in the presence of naturally occurring halogenated compound [45,46].…”

“…Therefore, the high concentration of released chloride ion may indicate the high demand of pyruvate as required for a rapid growth [45]. The tolerance to the high concentration of 2,2-DCP may be related to frequent exposure of the organic halide at the sampling location especially in the presence of naturally occurring halogenated compound [45,46]. Strain BHS1 can utilise 2,2-DCP due to the fact that such organism should produce dehalogenase in response to the presence of halogenated substances.…”

Utilisation of 2,2DCP by Staphyloccocus aureus ZT and In Silico Analysis of Putative Dehalogenase

“…Table 2 summarised the maximum growth of strain ZT in each 2,2-DCP concentration. Strain ZT showed good growth condition at 10 mM, 20 mM and 30 mM of 2,2-DCP, whereas another study showed that Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain BB9.2 and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida strain BC14.3 could grow well in the media containing up to 50 mM and 80 mM of 2,2-DCP (Mulyawati et al, 2018). Most of the previously reported cases showed that 2,2-DCP above 30 mM was toxic to the cells (Oyewusi et al, 2020, Ismail et al, 2017, Muslem et al, 2017, Heidarrezaei et al, 2020.…”