Analysis for the potential of polystyrene and TiO2 nanoparticles to induce skin irritation, phototoxicity, and sensitization

Perturbation of physiological systems by nanoparticles

“…356 However, TiO 2 and polystyrene nanoparticles were not phototoxic to skin and did not cause erythema or edema in animal models. 346 This conclusion was also supported by results from other test models, such as Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and a human skin equivalent model. 346 In contrast, in cultured cells irradiated with ultraviolet and visible light, soluble fullerene (nano-C 60 (OH) [22][23][24][25][26] ) and iron-doped LiNbO 3 nanoparticles caused phototoxicity by the induction of free radicals.…”

“…The potential of various nanoparticles, including silver, TiO 2 , ZnO 2 nanoparticles, and MWCNTs, to cause dermal irritation and skin sensitization has been investigated using porcine skin, a human skin equivalent model, and in rabbits and mice. The results of these ex vivo and in vivo studies indicate that these nanoparticles did not cause phototoxicity, acute cutaneous irritation, or skin sensitization; 334,[346][347][348][349] in fact, the results suggest a relatively low toxicity of nanoparticles to normal dermal functions. However, TiO 2 nanoparticles have been shown to cause collagen loss in the skin of exposed animals, which might lead to skin aging.…”

Comparative cytotoxicity evaluation of different size gold nanoparticles in human dermal fibroblasts

“…The inherent beneficial effects of AuNPs have awaken notable interest in the treatment of topical wounds and skin pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, but potential cytotoxic responses of AuNPs should be considered when these products come into direct contact with skin, as it is the largest organ of the body and an important route of entry for NPs into the human organism. [22,29,38] Furthermore, since particle size is considered as a crucial factor when describing AuNP-induced cytotoxicity, in this study we evaluated the cytotoxic effects produced by three different AuNPs in size on NHDF cells and the role of oxidative stress in the observed cytotoxicity.…”

“…[20] Dermal exposure is considered one of the most important uptake routes of NPs and it occurs regularly during the use of coated products or due to topical application of chemicals or drugs. [21,22] Some papers have suggested that NPs can be the promising candidates for transdermal drug delivery owing to their biocompatibility, low toxicity and small size. [23,24] In particular, the effect of AuNPs combined with anti-oxidants has shown a notable acceleration in diabetic wound healing.…”

Toxicology of nanosized titanium dioxide: an update

“…They suggest that impregnation with iron salts might be a promising strategy to reduce this kind of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. On the other hand, Park et al (2011) took out opposite results about the phototoxicity of nano-TiO 2 , and their results demonstrated that nano-TiO 2 particles induced no phototoxicity, acute cutaneous irritation or skin sensitization. Their findings might be a little segmentary because the nanomaterial they used was just one kind of numerous nano-TiO 2 and the diameter was less than 25 nm.…”