Analysis-by-Synthesis Speech Coding

Chen, Juin-Hwey; Thyssen, J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-49127-9_17

Cited by 11 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The reason for this emphasis is that linear prediction has been the dominant structure for narrowband and wideband speech coding since the mid-1990's [11] and essentially all important speech coding standards since that time are based on the linear prediction paradigm [3,11]. We do not discuss codec modifications to account for channel or network effects, such as bit errors, lost packets, or delayed packets.…”

Section: The Basic Model: Linear Predictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is repeated for every possible excitation (1024 here) and the one excitation that produces the minimum weighted squared error is The linear prediction coefficients and the excitation (V/UV decision, gain, and pitch) are calculated based on a block or frame of input speech using, which are since the 1970's, well known methods [4,5,14,15]. These parameters are quantized and coded for transmission to the receiver/decoder and they must be updated regularly in order to track the time varying nature of a speech signal [3][4][5]11,17,18]. The resulting bit rate was usually 2.4 kbits/s, 4 kbits/s, or 4.8 kbits/s depending on the application and the quality needed.…”

Section: The Analysis-by-synthesis Coding Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coupling of the sparsity, the fixed pulse locations, and the sequential searching reduces the complexity of the analysis-by-synthesis process while still generating good quality reconstructed speech. These codebooks are discussed in more detail in the references [11,17,18,22,23]. …”

Section: The Set Of Excitation Sequences: the Codebookmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We leave the historical development of speech coding standards and the details of many of the standards to the references [1][2][3]5,11]. Here, however, we present some key technical developments of standards that have greatly influenced the dominant designs of today's leading speech coding standards.…”

Section: Speech Coding Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Speech Compression

Gibson

2016

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Speech compression is a key technology underlying digital cellular communications, VoIP, voicemail, and voice response systems. We trace the evolution of speech coding based on the linear prediction model, highlight the key milestones in speech coding, and outline the structures of the most important speech coding standards. Current challenges, future research directions, fundamental limits on performance, and the critical open problem of speech coding for emergency first responders are all discussed.

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Section: The Basic Model: Linear Predictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Analysis-by-synthesis Coding Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Set Of Excitation Sequences: the Codebookmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Speech Coding Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Speech Compression

Gibson

2016

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“…Fig. 2 [16]. The LPC filters capture the spectral envelope of the signal, while the filter excitation captures salient time-domain features, and exploits temporal redundancy for compression.…”

Section: Texturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual and Bitrate-Scalable Coding of Haptic Surface Texture Signals

Chaudhari

Schuwerk

Danaei

et al. 2015

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process.

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Abstract-Applications involving indirect interpersonal communication, such as collaborative design/assembly/exploration of physical objects, can benefit strongly from the transmission of contact-based haptic media, in addition to the more traditional audiovisual media. Inclusion of haptic media has been shown to improve immersiveness, task performance, and the overall experience of task execution. While several decades of research have been dedicated to the acquisition, processing, coding, and display of audio and video streams, similar aspects for haptic streams have been addressed only recently.Simultaneous masking is a perceptual phenomenon widely exploited in the compression of audio data. In the first part of this paper, to the best of our knowledge, we present first-time empirical evidence for masking in the perception of wideband vibrotactile signals. Our results show that this phenomenon for haptics is very similar to its auditory analog. Signals closer in frequency to a powerful masker (25 dB above detection threshold) are masked more strongly (peak threshold-shifts of up to 28 dB) than those away from the masker (threshold-shifts of 15-20 dB). The masking curves approximately follow the masker's spectral profile. In the second part of this paper, we present a bitrate scalable haptic texture codec, which incorporates the masking model and describe its subjective and objective performance evaluation. Experiments show that we can drive down the codec output bitrate to a very low value of 2.3 kbps, without the subjects being able to reliable discriminate between the codec input and distorted output texture signals.

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Serum Albumin Aggregation Facilitated by Cobalt and Chromium Metal Ions

Richter-Bisson,

Doktor,

Hedberg

2023

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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The interaction of serum proteins with cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) ions is poorly understood, but it is suspected to result in protein aggregation, which may alter the corrosion process of biomedical CoCr alloys or result in adverse health effects. Here, we study the aggregation ability and mechanism of bovine serum albumin (BSA) induced or accelerated by aqueous Co(II) and Cr(III) ions. The metal salts were selected by chemical speciation modeling, and they did not affect the pH or precipitate under simulated physiological conditions (150 mM NaCl and pH 7.3). The counterion of Cr(III) influenced the binding to BSA only at physiologically irrelevant low ionic strength. This study used a variety of spectroscopic and light scattering methods. It was determined that both metal ions and an equimolar mixture of metal ions have the potential to induce protein aggregation. Melting curves collected by circular dichroism spectroscopy indicate that Co(II) significantly reduced BSA’s melting temperature when compared with Cr(III) or an equimolar mixture of Co(II) and Cr(III), both of which increased the melting temperature of BSA. The metal ions in solution preferentially interacted with BSA, resulting in the depletion of metal ions from the surrounding protein-free solution. Finally, this study suggests that the likely mechanism for Co(II)- and Cr(III)-induced BSA aggregation is salt bridging between protein molecules.

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Analysis-by-Synthesis Speech Coding

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Speech Compression

Speech Compression

Perceptual and Bitrate-Scalable Coding of Haptic Surface Texture Signals

Serum Albumin Aggregation Facilitated by Cobalt and Chromium Metal Ions

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