Analysis by LC/ESI-MS of iophenoxic acid derivatives and evaluation as markers of oral baits to deliver pharmaceuticals to wildlife

Ballesteros, Cristina; Camarero, Pablo R.; Cristòfol, Carles; Vicente, Joaquín; Gortázar, Christian; Fuente, José de la; Mateo, Rafael

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.05.035

Cited by 12 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The resultant mixture was vortexed during 10 min at a high speed (2,500 rpm) and cooled for 20 min at −20°C until two phases were separated. Then it was centrifuged at 5,000×g at 4°C for 10 min and 0.6 ml of the upper acetonitrile phase was transferred to a glass vial for LC/MS analysis (Ballesteros et al 2010).…”

Section: Animal Samples From the Baiting Field Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specificity and success of oral-bait delivery to Eurasian wild boar in Mediterranean woodland habitats

et al. 2010

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Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is an important reservoir host for pathogens affecting humans and domestic animals. The eradication of these diseases may require the development of control strategies that reduce pathogen transmission between wildlife and domestic animals. Baiting for oral vaccine delivery is often considered for wildlife disease control. The effective and efficient field vaccination of wildlife requires species-specific baits as delivery vehicles for oral vaccines and designing appropriate baiting strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of young and adult wild boar and non-target animals that consumed baits containing a chemical marker, iophenoxic acid (IPA), in delivery trials conducted in summer in four different sites in the Mediterranean region of Spain where wild boar are abundant. The proportion of wild boar showing IPA markers in serum in autumn ranged from 11.5% to 56.4%. When attending to age classes, 12.6% to 72.7% of young individuals presented IPA. The results evidenced that the percent of wild boar that ingested the baits varied among study sites and age classes. Placing baits inside selective cages (for juveniles) and under heavy pavel stones (for adults) contributed to improve age specificity in bait consumption. We suggest ways for improving the age specificity of bait delivery systems used for young and adult wild boar.

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Section: Animal Samples From the Baiting Field Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specificity and success of oral-bait delivery to Eurasian wild boar in Mediterranean woodland habitats

et al. 2010

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“…, Ballesteros et al. ) or placed inside a gelatine capsule, plastic blister or wax ampoule contained within bait (Fletcher et al. , Linhart et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, Wiles & Campbell , Ballesteros et al. ). The cost of capturing and restraining individuals of the target species should be added to the costs associated with Et‐IPA analysis and the cost of the marker itself (in 2012, around 32 Euros for 1 g of Et‐IPA; Sigma Aldrich, St. Quentin Fallavier, France).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iophenoxic acid as a bait marker for wild mammals: efficacy and safety considerations

et al. 2012

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Bait delivery of vaccines, toxicants or contraceptives to target wild mammals is an essential component of management strategies worldwide. Marking agents are required to enable the identification of individuals that consume the baits in order to evaluate and optimize the cost‐efficacy of baiting campaigns. Ethyl‐iophenoxic acid (Et‐IPA) is an organic iodine‐containing compound that has been used increasingly since the 1980s as a bait marker. It binds to proteins in animal blood and therefore can be detected indirectly by measuring plasma or serum iodine concentration or directly by measuring plasma or serum Et‐IPA concentration with liquid chromatography. Methyl‐iophenoxic acid and propyl‐iophenoxic acid can also be used to provide quantitative information on temporal or spatial patterns of bait consumption in a range of mammalian species. We review the suitability of Et‐IPA and its analogues as bait markers in mammals. The highly variable persistence of analogues and in species highlights the need for calibration testing of each compound as a marker for each species and for each proposed use before starting a bait delivery trial. After absorption, the fate of IPAs (by metabolism, distribution and excretion) is variable, but most are bound to plasma proteins. Marking efficacy is therefore high. The implications of exposure to IPAs for predators and humans were analyzed to evaluate its safety for delivery to wild mammals. Although it is highly unlikely that secondary exposure through ingestion could involve sufficiently large quantities to produce adverse effects, further studies are necessary to assess long‐term effects after chronic exposure to these compounds. IPAs can mark animal serum for long periods of time, and improvements in detection methods for them are currently being developed, so that they are a good choice for oral baiting field experiments with mammals.

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“…So, these markers can be detected in the serum of animals consuming IPA-marked baits for a long time after their ingestion [62]. In the case of wild boar, Ballesteros et al [63] found that ethyl and propyl-iophenoxic acids could be detected in animal serum up to 18 months after their consumption when doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg were delivered.…”

Section: Bait Design Selective Delivery and Field Deployment Sucmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study of host-pathogen interactions allowed identifying biomarkers of resistance/susceptibility to tuberculosis in wild boar and using these biomarkers for vaccine development [63, 107, 108, 112–115]. The expressions of some of these genes such as complement component 3 (C3) and methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) were shown to correlate with resistance to natural M. bovis infection and protection against M. bovis challenge in BCG-vaccinated wild boar [9, 38, 107, 108, 116].…”

Section: Wild Boar-pathogen Interactions and Protection Against Tbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Oral Vaccination against Tuberculosis in Its Main Wildlife Reservoir in Iberia, the Eurasian Wild Boar

Beltrán‐Beck

Ballesteros

Vicente

et al. 2012

Veterinary Medicine International

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Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is the main wildlife reservoir for tuberculosis (TB) in Iberia. This review summarizes the current knowledge on wild boar vaccination including aspects of bait design, delivery and field deployment success; wild boar response to vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and inactivated Mycobacterium bovis; and wild boar vaccination biosafety issues as well as prospects on future research. Oral vaccination with BCG in captive wild boar has shown to be safe with significant levels of protection against challenge with virulentM. bovis. An oral vaccination with a new heat-killedM. bovisvaccine conferred a protection similar to BCG. The study of host-pathogen interactions identified biomarkers of resistance/susceptibility to tuberculosis in wild boar such as complement component 3 (C3) and methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) that were used for vaccine development. Finally, specific delivery systems were developed for bait-containing vaccines to target different age groups. Ongoing research includes laboratory experiments combining live and heat-killed vaccines and the first field trial for TB control in wild boar.

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Analysis by LC/ESI-MS of iophenoxic acid derivatives and evaluation as markers of oral baits to deliver pharmaceuticals to wildlife

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Specificity and success of oral-bait delivery to Eurasian wild boar in Mediterranean woodland habitats

Specificity and success of oral-bait delivery to Eurasian wild boar in Mediterranean woodland habitats

Iophenoxic acid as a bait marker for wild mammals: efficacy and safety considerations

Progress in Oral Vaccination against Tuberculosis in Its Main Wildlife Reservoir in Iberia, the Eurasian Wild Boar

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