Analysis and Simulations of the Primary Frequency Control during a System Split in Continental Europe Power System

Abstract

The occurrence of system separations in the power system of Continental Europe has been observed in recent decades as a critical event which might cause power imbalances higher than the reference incident specified per system design, representing an actual challenge for the stability and safe operation of the system. This work presents an analysis and simulations of the primary frequency control in the Continental Europe synchronous area in conditions of system separation. The adopted approach is based on fundamental aspects of the frequency-containment reserve process. The analysis takes an actual event into consideration, which determined the separation of the system in January 2021. The main purpose of the work is the development of specific models and simulations able to reproduce the actual split event. Due to specific arrangements discussed in detail, it is possible to obtain a substantial match between the simulations and the frequencies registered after the system split. The work also provides insight into the importance of the temporal sequence of power imbalances and defensive actions in the primary frequency control process. The models developed in the work are finally used to investigate the separation event under different operating conditions, such as missing defensive actions and low inertia scenarios.

Power System Oscillations with Different Prevalence of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Converters

“…All other parameters for the simulation of the converter-interfaced generation sources are taken from [38,45]. The parameters of the synchronous generation and the corresponding controllers for voltage and frequency regulations are instead taken from [46]. The results of the simulations are post-processed using MATLAB [40].…”

Simulations of System Wide Disturbances in the Continental Europe Synchronous Area on a Simplified Model

“…Loads L1 and L3 are modelled as frequency dependent with an estimated load damping coefficient of 0.6 %/Hz (usually estimated between 1 and 2 %/Hz, but this estimation was modified to obtain better compliance between simulated and measured values). Modelling approach was inspired by [5]. For the equivalent synchronous machine (G1 and G3), 6 th order Park machine model was used, and for steam turbine with speed governor, TGOV1 model (described in [7]) was used with zero frictional losses factor.…”

“…shows important parameters of the model for NW area and for Rogowiec. Data for NW area model were basically taken from [5] (see [6] for more details). In case of Rogowiec, basic data from [5] was modified and its dynamics are based on models of NW and SE area (see [6]), where reheater time constant T3 of TGOV1 was determined as the parallel sum of those parameters for both areas and the ratio T2/T3 is the same as in the NW area.…”

Resilience Neural-Network-Based Methodology Applied on Optimized Transmission Systems Restoration

“…In recent years, there have been a great number of widespread blackouts and severe disturbances of power systems around the world, such as: the January 2015 blackout in Pakistan, the March 2016 blackout in Turkey, the June 2019 Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay blackout, and the August 2019 Java blackout [1,2]. Furthermore, the European power systems are facing faster and more frequent severe disturbances followed by constantly reducing inertia of the grid [3][4][5].…”