Analysis and quantification of ENSO-linked changes in the tropical Atlantic cloud vertical distribution using 14 years of MODIS observations

Abstract

Abstract. A total of 14 years (September 2002 to September 2016) of Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) monthly mean cloud data are used to quantify possible changes in the cloud vertical distribution over the tropical Atlantic. For the analysis multiple linear regression techniques are used. For the investigated time period significant linear changes were found in the domain-averaged cloud-top height (CTH) (−178 m per decade), the high-cloud fraction (HCF) (−0.0006 per decade), and the low-cloud amount (0.001 per decade). The interannual variability of the time series (especially CTH and HCF) is highly influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Separating the time series into two phases, we quantified the linear change associated with the transition from more La Niña-like conditions to a phase with El Niño conditions (Phase 2) and vice versa (Phase 1). The transition from negative to positive ENSO conditions was related to a decrease in total cloud fraction (TCF) (−0.018 per decade; not significant) due to a reduction in the high-cloud amount (−0.024 per decade; significant). Observed anomalies in the mean CTH were found to be mainly caused by changes in HCF rather than by anomalies in the height of cloud tops themselves. Using the large-scale vertical motion ω at 500 hPa (from ERA-Interim ECMWF reanalysis data), the observed anomalies were linked to ENSO-induced changes in the atmospheric large-scale dynamics. The most significant and largest changes were found in regions with strong large-scale upward movements near the Equator. Despite the fact that with passive imagers such as MODIS it is not possible to vertically resolve clouds, this study shows the great potential for large-scale analysis of possible changes in the cloud vertical distribution due to the changing climate by using vertically resolved cloud cover and linking those changes to large-scale dynamics using other observations or model data.

The influence of solar-modulated regional circulations and galactic cosmic rays on global cloud distribution

“…3 h). Clear positive (negative) spikes can also be observed in the Atlantic Ocean time series during extreme El Niño (La Niña) events, which is consistent with previous findings 45 .…”

ENSO's Signature on the Estimation of Cloud Feedback to Global Warming

“…However, the effect of ENSO on temperature and clouds extends throughout the globe [9 -11]. It affects the dynamic and thermodynamic conditions [12], thereby modulating the formation, development, and properties of clouds and CRE (e.g., [13][14][15][16]). Satellite observations and reanalysis data have shown that ENSO is a primary driver governing the variability in CF over the last several decades [11,17].…”

Water vapor anomaly over the tropical western Pacific in El Niño winters from radiosonde and satellite observations

“…ENSO has an effect on seasonal rainfall in East Asian by inducing a weaker and later onset of the Indian monsoon circulation (Dai and Wigley, 2000;Zhao et al, 2010;Yan et al, 2018). Vertical cloud anomalies in the tropical Atlantic from Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer are linked to ENSO-induced shift and weakening of the Walker circulation and Hadley cell near the equator (Madenach et al, 2019). The strong 1997/98 El Niño resulted in cloud structure anomalies and their radiative property changes over the tropical Pacific (Sun et al, 2012), and increased upper tropospheric cirrus over the mid-Pacific but decreased cirrus over Indonesia (Massie et al, 2000).…”