The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), also known as the Third Pole Region, is the largest high-altitude land mass on Earth. The region holds the most freshwater, mainly in the form of glaciers, outside the polar ice caps (Morton, 2011). The QTP is of critical ecological importance, possessing diverse biomes (alpine tundra, montane forest, subtropical dry forest, and tropical montane rainforest; Ni & Herzschuh, 2011), and encompasses several biodiversity hotspots (e.g., in the mountainous areas of Central Asia, Himalayas, Indo-Burma, and Hengduan range; Tang et al., 2006). The river and stream biota in the QTP are highly specialized owing to the unique conditions, making them especially vulnerable to external disturbances (Favre et al., 2015;Xu et al., 2018;Yao et al., 2012). Environmental conditions that have been intensively modified by anthropogenic activities and climate warming during recent decades include instream flows, jeopardizing the services provided by alpine rivers with healthy ecosystems (Poff et al., 1997;Wenger et al., 2011).