Analysis and insights into recombination signals in lumpy skin disease virus recovered in the field

Sprygin, Alexander; Babin, Yu.Yu.; Pestova, Yana; Kononova, Svetlana; Wallace, David B.; Schalkwyk, Antoinette van; Byadovskaya, Olga; Диев, В. И.; Lozovoy, D. A.; Кононов, А. В.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207480

Cited by 94 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It was earlier reported that attempts to experimentally reproduce fulminating LSDV disease presentation could fail (Irons et al.,; Osuagwuh, Bagla, Venter, Annandale, & Irons, ). Moreover, when more full‐genome sequences of recent, archived, and other genetic variants of LSDV strains become available (Sprygin, Babin, et al., ), a deeper understanding should be obtained to clarify the possible links between viral genetic signatures and disease presentation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of lumpy skin disease virus in bovine meat and offal products following experimental infection

Кононов

Prutnikov

Shumilova

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Summary Lumpy skin disease (LSD) has recently expanded its range northwards to include the Balkans, Turkey and Russia. Because there was no solid evidence conclusively verifying the transmission mechanism in the field and LSDV viraemic animals with overt and asymptomatic presentation of disease and their products may represent a risk as an indirect transmission pathway. In this work, we used PCR positivity and infectivity in clinical and subclinical infection to evaluate the safety of meat and offal products from cows infected with the virulent LSDV strain Russia/Dagestan/2015. At day 21 post infection, seven of the 12 animals developed the generalized disease, and four animals became subclinically infected without apparent clinical signs. Upon examination and necropsy, the animals with the generalized disease had skin lesions; noticeably enlarged lymph nodes; and lesions in the lungs, trachea and testicles; whereas subclinically ill animals exhibited only enlarged lymph nodes and fever. For both disease presentations, testing of skeletal meat by PCR and virus isolation showed that the skeletal meat did not contain live virus or viral genome, whereas in cattle with generalized disease, meat with gross pathology physically connected under the site of a skin lesion was positive for the live virus. In subclinical infection, only enlarged lymph nodes carried the infectious virus, while the other internal organs tested in both types of disease manifestation were negative except for the testicles. Overall, our findings demonstrate that clinically and subclinically infected animals are reservoirs of live LSDV in lymph nodes and testicles, whereas deep skeletal meat in both types of infection do not carry live virus and the risk of transmission through this product seems very low. The detection of LSDV in testicular tissues in subclinically ill animals is concerning because of the potential to spread infection through contaminated semen. This aspect requires reconsideration of surveillance programmes to identify these Trojan horses of LSDV infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of lumpy skin disease virus in bovine meat and offal products following experimental infection

Кононов

Prutnikov

Shumilova

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Alexander et al (2019) reported the development of a new real-time PCR for the detection of LSD virus (LSDV) field, vaccine and recombinant strains as a follow-up of the finding byKononov et al (2019) of vaccine-like LSDV strains outbreaks in Russia and of a recombined LSDV as reported bySprygin et al (2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

Lumpy skin disease epidemiological report IV: data collection and analysis

Calistri¹,

Clercq²,

Gubbins³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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In 2019, no lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks were reported in South‐Eastern Europe, the mass vaccination regional campaign with homologous LSD vaccine continued for the fourth year with over 1.8 million bovines vaccinated in the region, preventing further outbreaks since 2016. LSD outbreaks were reported in Turkey, including western Turkey, in Russia and in eastern Asia affecting China, Bangladesh and India for the first time. The use of homologous vaccine should be considered in the countries still affected in order to eliminate the virus. Besides passive surveillance, which is implemented in all the countries, active surveillance for early detection based on clinical examination could be conducted ideally during April–October every 5 weeks in at‐risk areas, based on possible re‐emergence or re‐introduction from affected neighbouring countries. Active surveillance for proving disease freedom could be based on serological testing (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) targeting 3.5% seroprevalence and conducted on a random sample of cattle herds on non‐vaccinated animals. LSD re‐emerged in Israel in 2019, after vaccination became voluntary. This shows that, if the virus is still circulating in the region, the reduced protection might result in re‐emergence of LSD. In case of re‐emergence, a contingency plan and vaccine stockpiling would be needed, in order to react quickly. From a study performed in Israel to test side effects of live‐attenuated homologous LSD vaccine, milk production can be reduced during 7 days after vaccination (around 6–8 kg per cow), without a significant loss in the 30 days after vaccination. Research needs should be focused on the probability of transmission from insect to bovine, the virus inactivation rate in insects, the collection of baseline entomological data, the capacity of vector species in LSDV transmission linked to studies on their abundance and the control of Stomoxys calcitrans being the most important vector in LSD transmission.

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“…LSD vaccination is conducted by those farmers that can access and/or afford the cost of vaccines and delivery of vaccines into the animals. This limitation poses a danger of misuse or abuse of the use of vaccines which may result in reversion of vaccine strains into virulent strains, consequently being responsible for new outbreaks [17]. This study therefore presents insights into the current viruses responsible for outbreaks in the country and compares them to viruses from neighboring countries and with LSDV vaccine strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccination against LSD in Uganda is a responsibility of the livestock farmers rather than government. This may lead to misuse or abuse of vaccines bringing about co-infection and recombination of vaccine strains with virulent strains [17], resulting in virulent reversal of vaccine strains, which may lead to more outbreaks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from outbreaks in Uganda 2017–2018

et al. 2020

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Background: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious viral disease of cattle caused by a Capripoxvirus. LSD has substantial economic implications, with infection resulting in permanent damage to the skin of affected animals which lowers their commercial value. In Uganda, LSD is endemic and cases of the disease are frequently reported to government authorities. This study was undertaken to molecularly characterize lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains that have been circulating in Uganda between 2017 and 2018. Secondly, the study aimed to determine the phylogenetic relatedness of Ugandan LSDV sequences with published sequences, available in GenBank. Results: A total of 7 blood samples and 16 skin nodule biopsies were screened for LSDV using PCR to confirm presence of LSDV nucleic acids. PCR positive samples were then characterised by amplifying the GPCR gene. These amplified genes were sequenced and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Out of the 23 samples analysed, 15 were positive for LSDV by PCR (65.2%). The LSDV GPCR sequences analysed contained the unique signatures of LSDV (A11, T12, T34, S99, and P199) which further confirmed their identity. Sequence comparison with vaccine strains revealed a 12 bp deletion unique to Ugandan outbreak strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the LSDV sequences from this study clustered closely with sequences from neighboring East African countries and with LSDV strains from recent outbreaks in Europe. It was noted that the sequence diversity amongst LSDV strains from Africa was higher than diversity from Eurasia. Conclusion: The LSDV strains circulating in Uganda were closely related with sequences from neighboring African countries and from Eurasia. Comparison of the GPCR gene showed that outbreak strains differed from vaccine strains. This information is necessary to understand LSDV molecular epidemiology and to contribute knowledge towards the development of control strategies by the Government of Uganda.

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Analysis and insights into recombination signals in lumpy skin disease virus recovered in the field

Cited by 94 publications

References 35 publications

Determination of lumpy skin disease virus in bovine meat and offal products following experimental infection

Determination of lumpy skin disease virus in bovine meat and offal products following experimental infection

Lumpy skin disease epidemiological report IV: data collection and analysis

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from outbreaks in Uganda 2017–2018

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