Analysis and Evaluation of the German Toll System Using a Holistic Executable Specification

Using Simulations to Study the Efficiency of Update Control Protocols

“…For the purpose of this work we extended the simulation runs to a fleet size of 800 000 OBUs (projected future fleet size, compared to 140 000 in [1,2]) and a simulated time period of 30 weeks (compared to 16 weeks). Each simulation run includes two software updates and three geo and tariff data updates in between, a typical workload occurring over 6 months.…”

“…The comparison of simulation results for the different control protocols is discussed in section 4 followed by a brief outlook and summary in section 5. deployed using up-to-date geo and tariff data to determine the toll charge and to transmit the tolls to the data centre. As a starting point we take an existing discrete event simulation model of the automatic tolling system [1,2]. This model includes the scenario generator, all subsystems ( fig.…”

“…Non-deterministic, non-linear effects as well as emergent behavior [3] possibly manifest only at the level of the whole system: "Emergent behavior is that which cannot be predicted through analysis at any level simpler than that of the system as a whole" [4]. Taking the existing simulation model of the Toll Collect system [1,2] we use simulations at a scale of 1:1 to determine the behavior and the efficiency of fleet-wide updates for different update control protocols.…”

“…Taking an existing large-scale realistic discrete event simulation model [1,2] of a mobile distributed system with more than 700 000 units we investigate the efficiency of control protocols for the software and data updates of on-board-units (OBUs)…”

“…

Taking an existing large-scale realistic discrete event simulation model [1,2] of a mobile distributed system with more than 700 000 units we investigate the efficiency of control protocols for the software and data updates of on-board-units (OBUs)

. Adding four different closed-loop control protocols to the existing simulation model we explain and investigate the technical implications of the control protocols: OBUs that allow incoming network connections can be reached at any time (Always-On or Sometimes-On).

…”