Analysis and Evaluation of Tetrodotoxin in Coastal Aquatic Products of Zhejiang Province

Han, Chengcheng; Zhang, Xiaojun; Li, Le; Chen, Si; Yan, Zhongyong; Gao, Xuehui; Chang, Jiaqi

doi:10.2112/si83-063.1

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In China, during 2015, as part of the validation for a new LC-MS method, Manila clams ( Ruditapes philippinarum ) purchased from markets in China were analysed for the presence of TTX and trace levels were observed [ 21 ]. A similar observation was made in another Chinese study looking at TTX in aquatic products, with low µg/kg levels observed in clams ( R. philippinarum ), blue mussels ( M. edulis ), hard-shell mussels ( Mytilus corucus ) and Chinese razor clam ( Sinonovacula constricta ) [ 22 ]. The maximum level observed was 0.016 mg/kg in a Chinese razor clam.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Survey of Tetrodotoxin in New Zealand Bivalve Molluscan Shellfish over a 16-Month Period

Boundy

Biessy

Roughan

et al. 2020

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a heat-stable neurotoxin typically associated with pufferfish intoxications. It has also been detected in shellfish from Japan, the United Kingdom, Greece, China, Italy, the Netherlands and New Zealand. A recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) scientific opinion concluded that a level of <0.044 mg TTX/kg in marine bivalves and gastropods, based on a 400 g portion size, does not result in adverse effects in humans. There have been no reports of human illness attributed to the consumption of New Zealand shellfish containing TTX. To obtain a greater understanding of its presence, a survey of non-commercial New Zealand shellfish was performed between December 2016 and March 2018. During this period, 766 samples were analysed from 8 different species. TTX levels were found to be low and similar to those observed in shellfish from other countries, except for pipi (Paphies australis), a clam species endemic to New Zealand. All pipi analysed as part of the survey were found to contain detectable levels of TTX, and pipi from a sampling site in Hokianga Harbour contained consistently elevated levels. In contrast, no TTX was observed in cockles from this same sampling site. No recreationally harvested shellfish species, including mussels, oysters, clams and tuatua, contained TTX levels above the recommended EFSA safe guidance level. The levels observed in shellfish were considerably lower than those reported in other marine organisms known to contain TTX and cause human intoxication (e.g., pufferfish). Despite significant effort, the source of TTX in shellfish, and indeed all animals, remains unresolved making it a difficult issue to understand and manage.

show abstract

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Survey of Tetrodotoxin in New Zealand Bivalve Molluscan Shellfish over a 16-Month Period

Boundy

Biessy

Roughan

et al. 2020

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/toxins13110740/s1, Figure S1 S1: Conditions of the comparison and sensitivity (S/N) obtained using three analytical HILIC columns, Table S2: Summary of all the results obtained for the screening of TTXs in bivalves collected in 2018 and 2018, Table S3: Comparisons of LC-MS/MS methods and results that were obtained for the detection of TTXs in bivalve samples and Table S4: List of all the bacteria that were screened for TTXs. References [69][70][71] are cited in the supplementary materials.…”

Section: Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections

Réveillon

Savar

Schaefer

et al. 2021

Toxins

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) are potentially lethal paralytic toxins that have been identified in European shellfish over recent years. Risk assessment has suggested comparatively low levels (44 µg TTX-equivalent/kg) but stresses the lack of data on occurrence. Both bacteria and dinoflagellates were suggested as possible biogenic sources, either from an endogenous or exogenous origin. We thus investigated TTXs in (i) 98 shellfish samples and (ii) 122 bacterial strains, isolated from French environments. We optimized a method based on mass spectrometry, using a single extraction step followed by ultrafiltration without Solid Phase Extraction and matrix-matched calibration for both shellfish and bacterial matrix. Limits of detection and quantification were 6.3 and 12.5 µg/kg for shellfish and 5.0 and 10 µg/kg for bacterial matrix, respectively. Even though bacterial matrix resulted in signal enhancement, no TTX analog was detected in any strain. Bivalves (either Crassostrea gigas or Ruditapes philippinarum) were surveyed in six French production areas over 2.5–3 month periods (2018–2019). Concentrations of TTX ranged from ‘not detected’ to a maximum of 32 µg/kg (Bay of Brest, 17 June 2019), with events lasting 2 weeks at maximum. While these results are in line with previous studies, they provide new data of TTX occurrence and confirm that the link between bacteria, bivalves and TTX is complex.

show abstract

“…Further research on TTX in Japanese scallops and in P. australis from New Zealand has been conducted recently [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Elsewhere, TTX levels below 16 µg/kg were detected in several bivalve samples in China, collected during a market survey [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A potent and heat-stable tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been found to accumulate in various marine bivalve species, including Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), raising a food safety concern. While several studies on geographical occurrence of TTX have been conducted, there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution of the toxin within and between bivalves. We, therefore, measured TTX in the whole flesh, mantle, gills, labial palps, digestive gland, adductor muscle and intravalvular fluid of C. gigas using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Weekly monitoring during summer months revealed the highest TTX concentrations in the digestive gland (up to 242 µg/kg), significantly higher than in other oyster tissues. Intra-population variability of TTX, measured in the whole flesh of each of twenty animals, reached 46% and 32% in the two separate batches, respectively. In addition, an inter-population study was conducted to compare TTX levels at four locations within the oyster production area. TTX concentrations in the whole flesh varied significantly between some of these locations, which was unexplained by the differences in weight of flesh. This is the first study examining TTX distribution in C. gigas and the first confirmation of the preferential accumulation of TTX in oyster digestive gland.

show abstract

Analysis and Evaluation of Tetrodotoxin in Coastal Aquatic Products of Zhejiang Province

Cited by 12 publications

References 23 publications

Survey of Tetrodotoxin in New Zealand Bivalve Molluscan Shellfish over a 16-Month Period

Survey of Tetrodotoxin in New Zealand Bivalve Molluscan Shellfish over a 16-Month Period

Tetrodotoxins in French Bivalve Mollusks—Analytical Methodology, Environmental Dynamics and Screening of Bacterial Strain Collections

Distribution of Tetrodotoxin in Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About