Analysis and evaluation of charge balancing circuits on performance, reliability and lifetime of supercapacitor systems

Linzen, D.; Buller, S.; Karden, E.; Doncker, Rik W. De

doi:10.1109/ias.2003.1257768

Cited by 57 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…For power electrical systems using regenerative energy sources, higher working voltage than 3-5 V is required for supercapacitors to be used as energy storage components. Consequently, serial connection of cells in modules is performed with suitable cell voltage balance, [5], so that the cell voltage during operation to be kept below the specified rated value. Characteristics of high energy modules based on organic electrolyte cells (Table I) are shown in Table V.…”

Section: Commercial Supercapacitors and Theirmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the performance of commercial supercapacitors as storage devices for renewable electrical energy sources

Obreja¹

2007

REPQJ

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Abstract. Supercapacitor cells and modules with an electrical capacitance reaching thousands of Farads become attractive components for energy storage, in regenerative energy based power electrical systems. The characteristics of high energy supercapacitor cells and modules produced at this time by leading manufacturers in the field are presented for organic and aqueous electrolyte technology. A stored specific energy as high as 5-6 Wh/kg is exhibited by commercial supercapacitor cells and modules, a value lower than the corresponding one for lead -acid batteries (30 -35 Wh/kg). The specific power of supercapacitors reaching 3-5 kW/kg is higher than that of batteries (limited to 1kW/kg) and this feature is required in applications. The advantages and disadvantages of supercapacitors in comparison with batteries, a traditional way of electrical energy storage are discussed.

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Section: Commercial Supercapacitors and Theirmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the performance of commercial supercapacitors as storage devices for renewable electrical energy sources

Obreja¹

2007

REPQJ

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“…The fast charging and rapid power delivery of these electrical energy storage devices make them particularly attractive. Properly designed, supercapacitors are to deliver high power density and be long life electrical components [4]. However, supercapacitors cannot compete with batteries for energy storage in any applications where volume and weight matters; as batteries have usually low power but large energy density.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Mechanics of ‘Unwanted Electroactuation’ in Nanoporous Supercapacitors

Rochester

Pruessner

Kornyshev

2015

Electrochimica Acta

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Electrochemical capacitors (supercapacitors) are highly promising energy storage and backup devices. They have high power delivery and can be cycled many times with no chemical or mechanical degradation. Their shortcoming is a relatively low energy density. While increasing ion confinement, by utilising nanoporous carbon electrodes, can improve the energy density of a supercapacitor it has also been observed to cause the electrode to expand upon charging. After many cycles this could cause wear and degradation in a supercapacitor. In this article we present a theoretical study of this 'Unwanted Electroactuation' in a carbon electrode wetted with an ionic liquid. We incorporate changes of the carbon-carbon bond length due to electrochemical doping of the pore walls and steric effects related to counterion insertion into the pore. Our model shows qualitative agreement with the features of the experimentally observed expansion caused by variation of electrode potential.

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“…Though the variation in commercially produced SCs is actively moderated by quality control measures, the remaining small differences can greatly limit the overall capacitance and therefore energy of SCs connected in series as well as the lifetime. 45 A CC should account for a spread of the properties of the individual SCs in the bank and balance the voltage across each SC to store the maximum possible energy in the SC bank. Figure 6 shows the differences in charging a SC bank of 1 F (2x), 5 F, and 10 F capacitors using 1 sun illumination.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Flexible Conversion Circuit between a Flexible Photovoltaic and Supercapacitors for Powering Wearable Sensors

Thostenson

Kim

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Integration of an organic photovoltaic (PV) with carbon-based supercapacitors (SCs) into a system for solar energy harvesting and storage is interesting for off-grid applications such as mobile electronics and sensor systems. Presented here is a conversion and control circuit (CC) on a flexible polyimide substrate in an integrated flexible energy harvesting and storage device compatible with roll-to-roll manufacturing (R2R). The CC is capable of PV max power-point tracking, DC-DC voltage boost of the PV output across a bank of four SCs, and charge balancing across the bank of SCs. This system is compared to a conventional direct connection between the PV and the SCs. More energy can be harvested from the PV and stored in the SC bank when using the CC to drive the PV at peak power, boost the output voltage, and balance it across serial connection of SCs. Finally, the CC, PV, and SCs are mounted to a 3D printed substrate and circuit which is used to power a wearable sensor. Due to these benefits and ability to be integrated with R2R, the presented CC provides a practical means of improving wearable solar energy harvesting and storage systems. In the flexible electronics literature, multiple publications demonstrated novel energy materials and devices, such as thin-film flexible photovoltaics (PVs)1-10 and carbon-based supercapacitors (SCs) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] that are roll-to-roll (R2R) compatible. A few publications have further integrated a PV material with SCs to form an energy device capable of solar energy harvest and storage. 17,[19][20][21][22][23][24] Although simply connecting the devices without a conversion and control circuit (CC) that controls the flow of charge and the load impedance experienced by the PV can harvest and store energy, there are three problems that arise from this configuration: (i) the PV elements are operated inefficiently at suboptimal voltage-current conditions, far from the maximum-power point (MPP), (ii) undercharging the SCs due to low PV output voltage, and (iii) unbalanced charge storage across a bank of SCs with the risk of overcharging some while undercharging other SCs as well as a low usable combined capacity. These problems result in an inefficient and impractical energy device. In large PV systems, a CC typically mitigates these problems. However, such CCs use a discrete design with stiff bus bars or rigid circuit boards, which are incompatible with the flexible film design of the rest of the system. The lack of availability of a R2R-compatible CC has limited the realization of a R2R energy fabric for practical applications such as wearable sensors and the internet of things (IoT). 25 Many techniques have been developed to enable R2R-compatible packaging of CCs. Within the CC architecture, switching-mode DC-DC boost converters have been given considerable attention. For example, Z-folded flexible planar transformers have been developed that allow R2R production. 26 Planar geometries of flexible foils for use as low-profile inductors 27 and flip-chip flex-ci...

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Analysis and evaluation of charge balancing circuits on performance, reliability and lifetime of supercapacitor systems

Cited by 57 publications

References 3 publications

On the performance of commercial supercapacitors as storage devices for renewable electrical energy sources

On the performance of commercial supercapacitors as storage devices for renewable electrical energy sources

Statistical Mechanics of ‘Unwanted Electroactuation’ in Nanoporous Supercapacitors

Integrated Flexible Conversion Circuit between a Flexible Photovoltaic and Supercapacitors for Powering Wearable Sensors

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