Analysis and electroanalysis of perchlorate in water and food samples: a critical review

Abstract

Perchlorate, ClO4−, with diverse applications, has become one of the major contaminants in surface and groundwater sources.

Rational design of anti-freezing electrolyte concentrations via freeze concentration process

“…S2a-d, ESI †) to obtain the liquid-ice/hydrate mixture where the liquid phase is the FCE. Finally, extract the FCE from the liquid-ice/hydrate mixture by syringe-filtration method and determine its concentration via refractive index method 26 (for single-solute systems), or analytical chemistry techniques such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), 27 ion chromatography, 28,29 and so on.…”