Analysis and Design of an Ultra-Low-Power Bluetooth Low-Energy Transmitter With Ring Oscillator-Based ADPLL and 4$\times$  Frequency Edge Combiner

Chen, Xing; Breiholz, Jacob; Yahya, Farah B.; Lukas, Christopher J.; Kim, Hun-Seok; Calhoun, Benton H.; Wentzloff, David D.

doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2896404

Cited by 52 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…To the best of our knowledge, the presented single-MOS DCO-PA architecture is the first fully integrated single-ended solution with competitive carrier PN and power efficiency, especially at low power modes while simultaneously handling the harmonic emissions and easy switching to the RX LNA. Even the most recent contender [7], which uses a ring-oscillator-based edgecombining frequency generation TX, no longer shows the power efficiency advantage at lower (−20 dBm) RF power, especially given that only drain efficiency is reported there with off-chip matching and filtering. In addition, the proposed single-MOS DCO-PA outperforms it at least 18 dB in terms of PN performance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In battery-operated low-data-rate, short-range sensor applications, such as temperature, humidity and pressure monitoring, as well as health tracking, the major bottleneck lies in the battery life. Bluetooth low energy (BLE) is the key standard, which has gained popularity [1]- [7] not only due to its support for a lower duty-cycle operation but also for various low-power states allowing to reduce current consumption in line with the usage profile and application scenarios. Indeed, the BLE transmitters (TXs) typically support programmable RF output power from −20 to +4 dBm, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even with state-of-the-art highly efficient solutions [6], [12], the total TX efficiency is restricted to 8% at deep power back-off (−10 dBm) even under an openloop operation. The latest ring-oscillator-based 4× frequency edge combiner [7] remarkably reduces the power consumed to drive the PA while introducing significant compromise on its phase noise (PN). Separate optimization of the PA, oscillator, and other driving stages is not desirable in the low-power regime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Single-Pin Antenna Interface RF Front End Using a Single-MOS DCO-PA and a Push–Pull LNA

Yin

Mak

et al. 2020

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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We propose a simple power-efficient sub-1-V fully integrated RF front end (RFE) for 2.4-GHz transceivers. It introduces the following innovations. First, a function-reuse single-MOS digitally controlled oscillator power amplifier (DCO-PA) with full supply utilization improves antenna-to-DCO isolation for better resilience to jammers. Second, a noninverting transmitter (TX) matching transformer with a zero-shifting capacitor suppresses the second-harmonic emission of the DCO-PA and allows a single-pin antenna interface for both TX and receiver (RX) modes eliminating the transmit/receive (T/R) switches in the signal path. Third, a push-pull low-noise amplifier (LNA) reuses the TX matching transformer for passive gain boosting that reduces power consumption. Fabricated in 65-nm CMOS, the RFE occupies merely 0.17 mm 2. Through the functional merge of the oscillator and PA, it can transmit 0 dBm at RF, featuring 10.2% power efficiency when delivering the RF power as low as −10 dBm at a 0.3-V supply. Under a 0.5-V supply, the LNA shows 11-dB gain and 6.8-dB noise figure (NF) while consuming 174 µW.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Single-Pin Antenna Interface RF Front End Using a Single-MOS DCO-PA and a Push–Pull LNA

Yin

Mak

et al. 2020

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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“…If just edge-combining (κ = 3) or third harmonic extraction (κ = 4) is used the frequency of the oscillator needs to be increased by the factor κ to get a radio frequency of f RF = 2.4 GHz. By mainly having switched components also the Switched-mode power amplifiers without third-harmonic extraction have higher efficiencies η between 30-40 % [3,6] compared to using third-harmonic extraction. The efficiency for running the ring oscillator at radio frequency and just using the edge-combiner for frequency multiplication is here considered as 40 %.…”

Section: Simulation Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-power integrated transmitter design using frequency multiplication techniques

Stadelmayer

Schumacher

Faseth

et al. 2020

Elektrotech. Inftech.

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This paper proposes an approach to employ frequency multiplication techniques like edge-combining and third harmonic extraction in ultra-low-power integrated transmitter design. The overall power demand of the transmitter is reduced by keeping operating frequency of its components low. For that reason, edge-combining and third harmonic extraction are integrated directly into a switched mode power amplifier. Hence, the radio frequency signal is generated just before it is fed to the antenna. This leads to a reduced power demand of the overall transmitter in comparison to conventional designs where the oscillator and other components are operated directly at the radio frequency. Within this paper we propose an amplifier that generates a 2.4 GHz carrier frequency from a ring oscillator running at a low 200 MHz resulting in a frequency multiplication factor of twelve. The exemplary design is targeted to be used in ultra-low-power short range applications. Hence, our simulations using extracted layout models show that the amplifier provides an output power of approximately -12 dBm at a supply voltage of 0.6 V while consuming 2.4 mW of power fully integrated in a 180 nm 1P6M CMOS process. This demonstrates that the proposed techniques are especially suitable for ultra-low-power transmitter in short range applications. That includes medical and body area network applications.

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“…Shaout et al used a low-cost monitoring and control system [31] [32], with Arduino Uno R3 as the development board, and proposed fuzzy control. The system monitored water temperature, pH, air temperature, and brightness, and a MATLAB human-machine interface was used for equipment control and monitoring.…”

Section: Automated Environmental Control For Fish-vegetable Coexistencementioning

confidence: 99%

Building a Fish–Vegetable Coexistence System Based on a Wireless Sensor Network

Hsiao

Sung

2020

IEEE Access

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The foremost purpose of this study is to use wireless sensor network (WSN) technology to build an intelligent fish-vegetable coexistence system. As a traditional fish-vegetable coexistence system lacks intelligent diagnoses, personnel and the original materials are difficult to control, and efficiency is low. We expect to remotely monitor the environmental values of the fishvegetable coexistence system at any time through Internet of Things technology and to control the feeding time and the brightness of LED lamps. The key concept of this system is to "let the fishes be farmers", meaning that when the system is balanced, the nutrient supply and water purification can form a good circulation system as long as fish feed is provided and the evaporated moisture is supplemented in a timely manner. The main control board of the system is an Arduino Mega 2560, and the ZigBee communication protocol is used as a wireless transmission tool, which is combined with a temperature humidity sensor and an illuminance sensor. Thus, the performance of the traditional temperature humidity sensor is improved, and the fish yield is increased. Real-time monitoring can minimize the loss of fish. This expert system increases the success rate of culturing and planting, and the overall system efficiency is increased. Our team creates a human-computer interaction interface using the C# programming language. This interface can be used to monitor the current sensing values and store the data in an Excel data sheet, thus allowing users to query and analyze previously detected data. Users can monitor the system operation status and control the load through the designed human-machine interface to achieve smart network remote monitoring.

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Analysis and Design of an Ultra-Low-Power Bluetooth Low-Energy Transmitter With Ring Oscillator-Based ADPLL and 4$\times$ Frequency Edge Combiner

Cited by 52 publications

References 19 publications

A Single-Pin Antenna Interface RF Front End Using a Single-MOS DCO-PA and a Push–Pull LNA

A Single-Pin Antenna Interface RF Front End Using a Single-MOS DCO-PA and a Push–Pull LNA

Low-power integrated transmitter design using frequency multiplication techniques

Building a Fish–Vegetable Coexistence System Based on a Wireless Sensor Network

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