Analysis and characterization of tin-doped ZnO nanostructures

Abstract

In this paper, undoped and tin-doped ZnO nanostructures were grown onto non-conductive substrates by a simple solution method. Structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of the structures were investigated with respect to tin concentration. From XRD studies, all the ZnO nanostructures were found as hexagonal wurtzite type structures growing preponderantly oriented with c-axis nor- mal to the substrate. An increase in tin content resulted in a decrease in grain size, whereas the dislocation density in- creases. SEM observations indicated that all the structures were textured throughout the substrates without any cracks or pores. The influence of incorporation of tin on surface morphology of the samples was clearly seen. Average diameter of the nanostructures decreased with increasing tin content. Absorption spectra of the structures revealed that the band gap of the films increases with increasing tin concentration. It is found that the tin-doped samples have higher average transmittance than the undoped one. The 1 % tin-doped sample exhibited ∼80 % average transparency, which was the best transparency among the doped samples. Electrical measurements showed that resistivity of the structures increased with increasing dopant concentration. This increasing was attributed due to a decrease in carrier con- centration caused by carrier traps at the grain boundaries.

Optical properties of HfO2 nanostructures for optoelectronic device

“…In general, the roughness increases when the grain size increases too, but in this research the roughness decreased and the roughness increased this can depend on the deposition method. However, from AFM images, the films thickness increased at 573 K and at 673 K [55][56][57][58][59][60].…”

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“…Alle gode intentioner til trods fortaeller laerere og praktikanter, at eleverne ikke får øvet sig, idet de ikke deltager mundtligt. Også en artikel i Folkeskolen fra 8. februar 2018 peger på udfordringen med de tavse elever i engelskfaget og kaeder i en vis udstraekning elevernes tavshed og mangel på øvelse af udtale sammen med lave karakterer til folkeskolens afgangsprøver (Hermann 2018).…”

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“…Calix [n]arenes are well-established family of polyphenolic compounds widely used as building blocks for applications in host-guest chemistry, coordination chemistry, homogeneous catalysis and materials science (Figure 1) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Interest in these macrocycles has developed continuously and in a spectacular fashion since rational methods for the preparation of their parent versions became available ca.…”