Analysis and assessment of the integrated generation IV gas-cooled fast nuclear reactor and copper-chlorine cycle for hydrogen and electricity production

Al‐Zareer, Maan; Dinçer, İbrahim; Rosen, Marc A.

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112387

Cited by 38 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) process consists of four to five steps and is extensively studied at laboratory scale for thermochemical water splitting [15][16][17]. The main advantages of Cu-Cl cycle are low-temperature requirements (530 °C) and can be easily coupled with low-grade heat sources from nuclear or solar sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cu–Cl Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle: Probing Temperature-Dependent CuCl2 Hydrolysis and Thermolysis Reaction Using In Situ XAS

Singh

Pai

Banerjee

et al. 2021

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Recently, we reported detailed investigations on a hydrolysis step of Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle (Singh et al. in Int J Energy Res 44:2845-2863 where we demonstrated CuCl 2 hydrolysis using a fixed-bed reactor under optimized conditions. Thermolysis of CuCl 2 and oxide formation are associated hindrances in achieving 100% phase-pure hydrolysis product, Cu 2 OCl 2 . With an objective to understand the thermolysis and hydrolysis processes at molecular level, both these reactions were investigated independently in the present study using in situ XAS as a probe. The progress of both the reactions was recorded from RT to 400 °C by monitoring temperature-dependent evolution of Cu species using Cu K-edge XAS measurements at BL-09, Indus-2 SRS, RRCAT, Indore, India. XAS results are also corroborated with ex situ analysis by XRD and TG of samples containing various compositions of CuCl 2 mixed with boron nitride (pellets employed for XAS). Besides LCF, hydrolysis product Cu 2 OCl 2 yield was further supported by chemical titrations. EXAFS revealed that with increasing temperature, coordination of Cu atoms in reactant CuCl 2 progressively decreased during thermolysis. For hydrolysis process, coordination of Cu atoms in Cu-Cu, Cu-O and Cu-Cl linkages approached towards that of Cu 2 OCl 2 and CuO. CuCl 2 diminished and transformed into CuCl (88 mass%) at 350 °C during thermolysis and ~ 60 mass% of Cu 2 OCl 2 and 40 mass% of CuO during hydrolysis reaction. Based on in situ investigations in the present study, the most probable reactions taking place during CuCl 2 hydrolysis at different temperatures are proposed for S/Cu of 14.6.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cu–Cl Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle: Probing Temperature-Dependent CuCl2 Hydrolysis and Thermolysis Reaction Using In Situ XAS

Singh

Pai

Banerjee

et al. 2021

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…Before they can be utilized, energy resources often require conversion to other energy forms or carriers, e.g., solar photovoltaic panels to produce electricity for renewable energy resources, petroleum refineries for non-renewable energy resources, and hydrogen production from both types of energy resources. The latter example supports the idea of a hydrogen economy, in which hydrogen and electricity are the two main energy carriers (Scott 2007 ; Rosen 2017b ; Gnanapragasam and Rosen 2017 ; Moharamian et al 2019 ; Abe et al 2019 ; Endo et al 2019 ; Fonseca et al 2019 ; Chapman et al 2020 ; Al-Zareer et al 2020a ; Mehrjerdi et al 2019 ) . Energy sustainability is supported well by this combination of energy carriers since most chemical energy needs can be satisfied by hydrogen (and select hydrogen-derived fuels) and non-chemical energy needs by electricity.…”

Section: Sustainability and Energymentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Renewable energy resources also mitigate greatly or avoid greenhouse gas emissions, among other advantages. Some special cases are worth noting: Uranium (nuclear energy fuel) is a non-renewable energy resource but it does not contribute significantly to climate change, and the lifetimes of nuclear fuel assuming their use in advanced breeder reactors is thought to exceed 1000 years, so it is often viewed as a sustainable energy option (Al-Zareer et al 2020a ). For example, Fetter ( 2009 ) estimated the extraction of uranium from seawater would make available 4.5 billion metric tons of uranium, representing a 60,000-year supply at present usage rates, while fuel-recycling fast-breeder reactors could match today’s nuclear output for 30,000 years, based on data of the Nuclear Energy Association (NEA).…”

Section: Sustainability and Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Sustainability with a Focus on Environmental Perspectives

Rosen

2021

Earth Syst Environ

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Energy sustainability is a key consideration for anthropogenic activity and the development of societies, and more broadly, civilization. In this article, energy sustainability is described and examined, as are methods and technologies that can help enhance it. As a key component of sustainability, the significance and importance of energy sustainability becomes clear. Requirements to enhance energy sustainability are described, including low environmental and ecological impacts, sustainable energy resources and complementary energy carriers, high efficiencies, and various other factors. The latter are predominantly non-technical, and include living standards, societal acceptability and equity. The outcomes and results are anticipated to inform and educate about energy sustainability, to provide an impetus to greater energy sustainability.

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“…Numerous studies have examined nuclearbased options for hydrogen production via thermochemical water decomposition. For example, analyses have been reported of the integration of the copper-chlorine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production with a supercritical water-cooled nuclear reactor (Al-Zareer et al, 2017), with a Generation IV lead-cooled nuclear reactor (Al-Zareer et al, 2017), and with a Generation IV gas-cooled fast nuclear reactor (Al-Zareer et al, 2020).…”

Section: Non-electric Applications Of Nuclear Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear Energy: Non-Electric Applications

Rosen

2020

EUR J SUSTAIN DEV RE

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Nuclear energy is often viewed as linked exclusively to electrical power generation. However, the applications for nuclear energy are significantly greater than only electricity, and include cogeneration, district heating and cooling, high-temperature process heating, hydrogen and alternative fuel production, transportation and desalination. These additional applications expand the prospects for nuclear energy notably, and enhance the benefits that can be derived from it, such as reduced environmental impact and climate change mitigation. Interest in non-electric applications of nuclear energy is growing for environmental, economic, security and other reasons. In this paper, non-electric applications of nuclear energy are reviewed, including technological, environmental and economic issues of such applications as well as future prospects and benefits of non-electric applications of nuclear energy.

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Analysis and assessment of the integrated generation IV gas-cooled fast nuclear reactor and copper-chlorine cycle for hydrogen and electricity production

Cited by 38 publications

References 20 publications

Cu–Cl Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle: Probing Temperature-Dependent CuCl2 Hydrolysis and Thermolysis Reaction Using In Situ XAS

Cu–Cl Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycle: Probing Temperature-Dependent CuCl2 Hydrolysis and Thermolysis Reaction Using In Situ XAS

Energy Sustainability with a Focus on Environmental Perspectives

Nuclear Energy: Non-Electric Applications

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